<p>The NAMCO Block is an apartment block built in Windsor, Vermont in 1920-1922. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as an example of a large-scale company housing project.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The National Acme Company (NAMCO), formed after the National Acme Manufacturing Company acquired the Windsor Machine Company, was the main employer in the town of Windsor between 1915 and 1930. The success of NAMCO was at a large extent dependent on its ability to attract the workforce from outside Windsor. The block represents the approach to urban settlement which is based on family housing in contrast to housing of single men, the predominant approach at the time.</p><br>
<p>The property on the northern bank of the Mill Brook, where the block is currently located, was purchased by the Windsor Machine Company in the late 1880s. A new plant was constructed nearby in 1909, and a club and a dormitory for the workers was constructed on the site. The club was badly damaged by fire and demolished in the middle of the 1910s, which caused a housing shortage. At the time, the number of workers at the plant was around 1600. The new apartment block was constructed in order to replace the lost housing. The location was chosen close to the plant as there was no public transportation in Windsor, and the use of cars was restricted in winter by the climate conditions.</p><br>
<p>The contract to build the block was awarded to Massachusetts-based L. A. Lafrance company and started in the spring of 1920. By the time of completion in 1922, the NAMCO block was the biggest residential building in northern New England.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, during the Great Depression, the Winsdsor facility of NAMCO was closed down. In 1989, the building was rehabilitated and currently hosts low-income housing.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The block is made of brick and has a flat roof. It is composed of nine identical four-storey buildings containing eight apartments each (two apartments at each floor), so that the whole complex contains seventy-two apartments. The buildings are separated by a fire wall. The main facade faces Union Street. The facade is separated into nine buildings as well, by using the bow fronts. Each individual building has an entrance from the main facade. Inside, the floors are connected by straight-run stairs. The building incorporates colonial revival features, including the red brick walls and flat-arched windows.</p><br>
<p>Most of the apartments consist of a living room, a dining room, a bedroom, a kitchen and a bathroom. The fourth-floor apartments are slightly different and have two bedrooms each. Two of the apartments have been adapted for handicap access.</p><br>
<p>Lake Summit is a natural freshwater lake in Winter Haven, Florida. It has a 65.97 acre surface area and is somewhat oval in shape. It has two small coves on its north side. This lake is surrounded by residences around most of its perimeter. It has a public park, Lake Summit Park, on part of its west side, and Legoland Florida&#39;s water park is on its southeast shore. A boat canal on the south side of Lake Summit leads to Lake Eloise.</p><br>
<p>Lake Summit has not public swimming areas. Lake Summit Park has a public boat ramp. Also, the lake may be reached by boat via canal from Lake Eloise. Lake Summit is indirectly linked to many other lakes on the Winter Haven Chain of Lakes. The lake may be fished from shore at the park or by boat. The Hook and Bullet website says Lake Summit contains largemouth bass, bluegill and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Kundur Island is an island within the Riau Archipelago, part of the Riau Islands Province of Indonesia. It lies at about 80 km southwest of Singapore, 76 km southwest of Batam, 32 km south of Great Karimun, 172 km northwest of Lingga Islands and 120 km west of Tanjung Pinang. It has an area of about 304 km&sup2, not including district Buru. According to the 2010 Census population, the population of Kundur Island is 67,090. As Kundur does not have an airport, all visitors arrive by ferry.</p><br>
<p>Most connections are with neighbouring islands, e.g. Tanjung Balai on Karimun, and mainland Sumatra. Direct ferry services to Singapore have been terminated because of decreasing profits, so travellers need to detour via Batam or Bintan.</p><br>
<h2>Different areas</h2><br>
<h2>Main areas</h2><br>
<h3>Tanjung Batu</h3><br>
<p>The biggest town on Kundur Island, Tanjung Batu is marked as the district city (kota kecematan) of the island. It is located at the southern tip of the island, and is the hub for most ferry businesses.</p><br>
<p>It is the town with most number of businesses and trading companies. It is also a popular starting/finishing point for cycling trips as well.</p><br>
<p>Its commercial street is Jalan Merdeka, just a stone&#39;s throw away from the port, but most of the shops are lined on the side of Jalan Kartini and Jalan Jendral Sudirman. Jalan Usman Harun is a temple street where it locates the Vihara Dharma Shanti which is a Buddhist temple. North to the end of Jalan J. Sudirman is a housing area called Batu Dua. Vehicles used in this towns include angkuts and ojeks.</p><br>
<h3>Urung</h3><br>
<p>A town on the sub-district of North Kundur (Kundur Utara). It is just a bit smaller than Tanjung Batu, and also another popular starting/finishing point for cycling trips.</p><br>
<h3>Selat Belia</h3><br>
<p>A town on the northern tip of Kundur Island. It means "straits of youth" in Bahasa Indonesia</p><br>
<h3>Sungai Ungar</h3><br>
<p>A village on the south-east zone of Kundur Island.</p><br>
<h3>Sawang</h3><br>
<p>A town located in the sub-district of West Kundur. It is the town where the biggest hotel in Kundur Island, Hotel Taman Gembira, stands on.</p><br>
<p>The Gonella Hut  is a high altitude mountain hut in the Aosta Valley in the Mont Blanc massif area of the Alps. It lies at an altitude of 3071 metres, above Val Veny near Courmayeur in Italy. The refuge is located on the Italian normal route to Mont Blanc.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hut was rebuilt between August 2006 and July 2011, and offers accommodation for 60 people, and is wardened between mid-July and mid-September. The old winter hut remains open all year round.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Refuge Gonella is situated on the Aiguilles Grises ridge that separates the Dôme glacier from the Glacier de Bionnassay Italien.</p><br>
<p>The climb to the refuge starts at La Visaille / plan Lognan (1,670 m) and follows the track towards Plan Combal (1,990 m). Not far away lies the Lake Miage. Near the Ghiacciaio del Miage glacier is the trailhead S15 leading to the hut at 3071 m.</p><br>
<p>At 2,500 m flows on the Dôme du Goûter result in the Ghiacciaio del Dome glacier (Fr. Glacier du Dome) of the Miage. At about 2,400 m, the Mont Blanc glacier (French: Glacier du Mont Blanc) is reached, which is fed from the southwest slopes of Mont Blanc.</p><br>
<p>At an altitude of 2,650 m the trail finally leaves the Miage glaciers and rises over steep rocks to the hut. It takes approximately 5 ½ hours reach the Gonella Refuge from La Visaille, graded at F</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering opportunities</h2><br>
<h3>Summit Ascents</h3><br>
<p>The following peaks can be reached from the Gonella Refuge:</p><br>
<p>Aiguille Grises - (3837 m)</p><br>
<p>Dôme du Goûter - (4,304 m)</p><br>
<p>Aiguille de Bionnassay - (4052 m)</p><br>
<p>Mont Blanc (4,810 m)</p><br>
<h3>Hut to hut</h3><br>
<p>Reaching any other hut from the Gonella Refuge involves serious mountaineering on glacial terrain at altitudes above 4,000 metres.</p><br>
<p>Grands Mulets Hut (3,050 m) on the Col du Dôme (4237 m).</p><br>
<p>Goûter Hut (3,817 m) on the Col du Dôme.</p><br>
<p>Tête Rousse Hut (3197 m) over the Col de Bionassay (3892 m).</p><br>
<p>Durier Hut (3,349 m) over the Aiguille de Bionnassay to the Col de Miage (3356 m).</p><br>
<p>Youpon Plantation, originally known as Mimosa and also known as the Mathews-Tait-Rutherford House, is a historic antebellum plantation house and complex near Canton Bend, Alabama, United States. The three story Greek Revival-style plantation house was completed in 1848. It was extensively recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936 and 1937. It was named for the Yaupon holly trees that were once a prominent feature of the front grounds. Architectural historians at the Alabama Historical Commission consider it to be among the most notable of the "stately pillared houses" in Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Youpon was built for William T. Mathews under the direction of George Lynch, a contractor from Maryland. Mathews was a planter and local builder.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The plan features a fully raised brick basement floor that is topped by two stories of wood-frame construction. The ground floor originally contained servant spaces, with the formal rooms on the principal floor and bedrooms on the uppermost floor. The floor-plan is rectangular. The house is bisected by a central hallway measuring 15 ft wide and 40 ft long, present on the two primary levels.</p><br>
<p>The facade is five bays wide and four bays deep, with central doorways crowned by fanlights on the first and second floors of the front. The central three bays of the front facade are fronted by a monumental tetrastyle Doric portico, with a full-width cantilevered second floor balcony. The Greek Revival portico was added after the completion of the main house, which was originally built in the Federal style. The original octagonal detached kitchen was destroyed in a fire around 1900. Another octagonal dependency, with a tent-like flared roof, was then moved and connected to the rear porch of the main house to serve as a kitchen. The rear porch was enclosed in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Manistee Ranch was founded in 1897 by Herbert W. Hamilton, a native of Wisconsin. The ranch, located in the town of Glendale, Arizona, was rich in citrus fruits and dates. The ranch has all of its historical structures restored. It is administered by the Parks and Recreation Department of Glendale.</p><br>
<p>On April 9, 1998, Manistee Ranch was listed in the National Register of Historical Places.</p><br>
<h2>Ranch history</h2><br>
<h3>Hamilton era (1897 - 1907)</h3><br>
<p>Herbert W. Hamilton was a wealthy lumber baron from Wisconsin who homesteaded lands in what was to become the future the City of Glendale founded by William John Murphy. What made an investment attractive was the completion of the Arizona Canal in 1885. The canal allowed 100,000 acres (40468.564 hec or 40468 hec (hectare) and 5642.2 m²) of desert land to be opened up to homesteading and irrigation farming. The Homestead Act was a United States federal law that gave an applicant ownership at no cost of farmland called a "homestead."</p><br>
<p>By 1897, Hamilton had under his control 320 (129.499 hectares or 129 hec and 4994.0 m²) of farmland in Glendale. He established a farm where he planted large citrus orchards and dates. Hamilton built a home for his family, unlike any of the typical Arizona farm houses of the time. It was a Queen Anne Victorian style house with a "Sky Parlor," a square windowed tower rising above the building&#39;s center.</p><br>
<h3>Sands era (1907 - 1996)</h3><br>
<p>In 1907, Hamilton sold the farm to Louis M. Sands, a native of Manistee, Michigan. Sands, a prominent Arizona businessman and rancher, named the farm "Manistee Ranch" after his hometown. Sands developed techniques in his ranch for rotating cattle pastures to work within the limits of the land. Besides harvesting feed for the livestock, which included cattle, sheep, horses, ducks and chickens, the farm workers also harvested dates which at the time were sold for 25¢ a pound. Over 11 different species of palm trees were planted. Currently there are some palm trees on the property which are over 100 years old.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Eventually most of the farm land, with the exception of four acres (1.61874 hectares or 1 hec and 6187.4 m²), was sold to land developers. The four acres of the farm land continued under the ownership of the Sands family until 1996, when the family decided to sell the land to the Glendale Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Glendale Historical Society restored the historical buildings in the property which consists of a garage, office, barn and the main house. The basement of the main house has a collection of photographs and Glendale grammar school items. On the main grounds there is an exhibit of old farm equipment that was used on the ranch.</p><br>
<p>The ranch, which is located at 5127 W. Northern Ave., was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 9, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of historical Manistee Ranch</h2><br>
<p>Lake Allegan is a man-made lake located in Valley Township just outside the city of Allegan in the USA state of Michigan . The lake is a formerly polluted dam reservoir containing the backwaters of the Kalamazoo River. The lake is part of the watershed project due to water quality and pollution issues related to PCBs. However, the water has been determined to be safe for swimming and boating. The lake has a large surface area of almost 1,600 acres . Fish consumption is not recommended due to PCB contamination Salmon runs occur on the western side of Lake Allegan&#39;s Calkins Bridge dam which leads to Lake Michigan via the Kalamazoo River.</p><br>
<p>Lake Allegan is adjacent to the 50,000-acre Allegan Forest. Geese, ducks, kingfishers, eagles and great blue herons frequent the lake. The Allegan Lake Overlook is one of the best places to view the lake located on Monroe Road, two and one half miles from M-89. There is a DNR access point and a boat launch located at Echo Point on Monroe Road near 42nd Street.</p><br>
<p>On the west shoreline of Lake Allegan, there still exists the building foundations of a P.O.W. camp that housed German prisoners during World War II. This camp, which is part of the Allegan State Game Area, was in use until the end of the war. It is interesting to note that the prisoners at the camp thought Lake Allegan was Lake Michigan and that they could escape by swimming to Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Lake Allegan&#39;s water levels are constant and predictable due to Calkins Bridge Dam. The Kalamazoo River flows into Lake Allegan to Calkins and then out to Lake Michigan near Saugatuck. Calkins Bridge Dam provides electricity for the area and recreational opportunities. In the spring and fall, when the fish are spawning, the Calkins Bridge Dam is a favorite spot for fishermen. The Calkins Bridge Dam is owned and operated by Consumers Energy Company and is also referred to as Allegan Hydroelectric Plant.</p><br>
<p>Fort Dilts was a makeshift sod fort built near Rhame, North Dakota, United States, in September 1864 to fend off attacks by Hunkpapa Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull upon an encircled wagon train of would-be gold-miners and a small military escort of convalescent soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The wagon train had set out from Fort Ridgely, Minnesota, under the command of Captain James L. Fisk of the USA Quartermaster Corps. Lieutenant Smith and fifteen others managed to reach Fort Rice, and reinforcements arrived to rescue the defenders on September 20.</p><br>
<p>Fort Dilts State Historic Site has been a North Dakota historic site since 1932. As "Fort Dilts", it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The listing was for 8.3 acre with one contributing site and one contributing structure. Remaining at the site are a sod enclosure, wagon ruts, several grave markers, and an interpretive sign.</p><br>
<p>Initial Rock, also known as Name Rock, in the Medora Ranger District of the Little Missouri National Grassland, near Medora, North Dakota, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1976. It was the site of an overnight camp on May 28, 1876 of George Armstrong Custer&#39;s men, on their way to the Battle of Little Big Horn, which happened on June 25, 1876. The NRHP listing included one contributing site and one contributing object on 9.9 acre.</p><br>
<p>Two soldiers, W.C. Williams and F. Neely, carved their names in a rock still present at the site. Williams and Neely, under the command of Marcus Reno, survived the battle.</p><br>
<p>A shelter over the rock has prevented further weathering and vandalism since 1966.</p><br>
<p>It is one of five sites that are included in Custer Military Trail Historic Archaeological District, which is a large historic district that was listed on the NRHP in 2009. These sites are documented as part of a driving tour through the region.</p><br>
<p>Crystal Lake is one of a large number lakes of the same name in the world, including six others in Polk County, Florida. This lake is 2.4 mi west of Davenport, Florida, and north of Haines City, Florida. It has a 14.38 acre surface area and is shaped like a backwards comma. Crystal lake, a natural freshwater lake, is in a hilly area and is northwest of the intersection of Sanders Road and US Highway 27. It is in the vicinity of a large housing development and a fountain has been placed in it. On the east Crystal Lake is bordered by US 27. On the north it is bordered by a citrus grove and pastureland. From the northwest to the southwest the lake is bordered by houses and a pasture is on the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The edges of this lake are somewhat swampy and it has no swimming areas, public or private. It has no public or private boat ramps. The only public access to the lake is along the right of way along US 27. The Hook and Bullet website says Crystal Lake contains yellow perch, white perch and smallmouth bass.</p><br>
<p>The Sussex County Historical Society is a non-profit organization incorporated in 1904 in the State of New Jersey. It is located in Newton, in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States, and pursues a mission of promoting public knowledge and interest in the county&#39;s heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Hill Memorial Museum</h2><br>
<p>Hill Memorial Museum at 82 Main Street in Newton, was constructed for the historical society in 1916 and has served as its home since then. It was built in the renaissance revival style to the design of Henry T. Stephens, an architect from Paterson, New Jersey by local contractor Thomas Farrel. It was dedicated on June 8, 1917 and named after three relatives of the main donor, Joshua Hill. It is the oldest building continuously operated as a museum in the State of New Jersey. The Hill Memorial was placed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places on 18 July 1985.</p><br>
<p>The entry hall has a grand staircase made of quartered oak. The exterior walls are constructed in brick in two shades made by the N.H. Sloan kilns of Pennsylvania. Ornaments for the entrance were manufactured by the Brick Terra Cotta & Tile Company of Corning, New York. A 1922 fireplace on the ground floor was made by George Sharp with stones of local geological and historic significance.</p><br>
<p>The second floor houses collections of quilts and other textiles, farming tools, baskets and other household items, Civil War memorabilia, and a partial skeleton of a Mastodon discovered nearby.</p><br>
<p>Aylesford Lake is a natural, fresh-water, dystrophic lake located in Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada, and is part of the Gaspereau Watershed. The lake encompasses approximately 190 hectares, and is surrounded by the South Mountain Rolling Plain area. Much of the lake is privately owned, making it a major recreational area for the Annapolis Valley.</p><br>
<p>Aylesford Lake offers a man-made public beach - opened in 1990 - that features a boardwalk, parking lot, a public boat launch, boat docks, walking trails, canteen/concession area, male and female change houses, drinking water, clean portable washrooms, a grass open field and playgrounds.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also home to the Aylesford Lake Yacht Club, and the Brigadoon Children&#39;s Camp, a non-profit recreational facility catering to children and youth living with a chronic illness, condition or special need in the Maritimes.</p><br>
<p>Bottom Wood is a 14.5 hectare woodland in the English county of Buckinghamshire, located just north of the A40 near the hamlet of Studley Green. Since 1984, the wood has been owned by the Chiltern Society, which manages it as a nature reserve with the help of volunteers. Although an ancient woodland, most of the trees in the wood date from the end of the 1940s or later, as much of the wood was felled during the Second World War to produce Bryant and May matches. The wood is now home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including rare species of butterfly and moth.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bottom Wood is located north of the A40 between Piddington and Stokenchurch, north-east of Studley Green and east of Beacon&#39;s Bottom. It is within the parish of Radnage, with the southern boundary meeting the border of Stokenchurch parish and the eastern edge meeting the boundary with West Wycombe parish. The southern boundary of the wood also used to mark the border between the counties of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, until county lines were redrawn in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The wood is in a valley, with trees covering the south-facing valley slope. The elevation ranges from 132 m above sea level to 162 m above sea level. The wood covers a crescent-shaped area of 14.5 hectare; the original wood is 11.5 hectare, and there is a newer plantation of 3 hectare on an area known as Toothill. The name Toothill comes from the Old English word tot, which means look-out, and the top of Toothill provides a good view across the valley in which Bottom Wood is situated. Typically for the Chilterns, chalk underlies the wood, with some clay and sand.</p><br>
<p>There is a central bridleway running through the wood, which formerly provided a route for packhorses carrying goods between Piddington and Oxford, via Beacons Bottom. A sewer now runs underground along this route, taking waste away from Beacons Bottom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main part of Bottom Wood is ancient woodland, although it is not known exactly how long the area has been wooded. Medieval documents show that the area was owned by the French Abbey of Fontrevaud, from the 12th century until 1413, when the land was returned to the Crown. The land was later given to Sir John Phillip and remained in the family for several years before coming under the ownership of Eton College and then the Earl of Caernarvon. It subsequently passed through several other hands, until it was acquired by John Scrope, owner of Wormsley Park, in 1737. The wood continued to be part of this estate until the 1930s. A tithe map from 1841 is the first known document naming the woodland as Bottom Wood; at this time, the eastern section of the wood was known as Dean Hook.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, while the woodland was still part of the Wormsley estate, timber from Bottom Wood was sold each year at the King&#39;s Arms, Stokenchurch. Evidence of some of the saw pits, over which trees were cut into planks, can still be found in the wood. During a serious drought in 1921, the well in the wood proved to be an important feature, as it offered drinking water to local villagers when their personal water supplies ran dry. The well, which is now topped with concrete, is 30 m deep and provided a constant supply even in periods of drought. In the mid-1930s, the wood was sold to Mr Pitcher. During the Second World War, much of the wood was felled for the production of Bryant and May matches. Consequently, most of the trees in the wood date from the late 1940s or later, except for a few in the north of the wood. After the war, various species began to grow again in the woods, including cherry, beech and oak trees.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, Mr Pitcher sold the wood to Mr Deane. Helped by the local scout troop, Mr Deane planted the adjoining field of Toothill, at the south-east end of the wood, with Sitka spruce and Scots pine trees. At the eastern edge of the wood, he also introduced some Douglas firs. Mrs Ercolani later bought the wood and managed it as a nature reserve, although much of the wood was untended and deteriorated during this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the wood was given to the Chiltern Society, which had recently set up a Small Woodlands Project (later renamed the Chiltern Woodlands Project) in an attempt to reverse the decline of small woodlands in the Chilterns. This project was overseen by Chairman Charles Mills and Project Officer John Morris. Bottom Wood was chosen as a site in which to train those working in the project in good woodland management methods. The three broad aims of the project were to encourage the growth and planting of trees native to the area, to improve the overall quality of trees in the wood, and to manage the wood as a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>A small team managed by the Chiltern Society began working in the wood in September 1983, spending an initial ten-week period clearing the bridleway through the wood, getting rid of rubbish that had accumulated under previous owners, and felling some trees in an attempt to encourage the growth of healthier specimens. This included a complete felling of 0.5 hectares of the Toothill plantation, which was replanted with 350 trees consisting mainly of ash, cherry, beech and whitebeam. Volunteers continued working to improve the quality of the wood in subsequent years, with some timber being sold to local businesses to fund the management project. Further selective felling took place, including in 1989 when further trees were removed in the Toothill section of the wood, with a central section of 0.5 ha remaining unplanted to form a chalk glade.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>Bottom Wood is currently still owned by the Chiltern Society and managed as a nature reserve by volunteers from the Society&#39;s Bottom Wood Group, in conjunction with the Chiltern Woodlands Project. Since 2010, the wood has been used by Mary Towerton School as part of a forest school educational programme.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Bottom Wood is a diverse environment which is home to over 700 plant and animal species. Formal cataloguing of some of these species has taken place, including research into the wood&#39;s plants by a PhD student, and a record of moths started in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Bottom Wood supports a wide variety of plants, due to the range of soil acidity and moisture levels across the woodland area. Rare flora includes coral-root bittercress and yellow bird&#39;s-nest. The wood is particularly known for its bluebells. The shrub layer is predominantly hazel. There are also a wide range of trees in the wood, including cherry, oak, ash and beech, yew and hornbeam.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The wood is home to at least 25 different species of butterfly, which are particularly found in the area of open grassland in the Toothill section. Three rare species have been sighted, namely the grizzled skipper, the small blue and the white-letter hairstreak. The Duke of Burgundy was also recorded in the wood in 1989. 251 different moth species have been recorded in the wood, including five species classified as nationally notable b, meaning that they have been recorded in less than 4% of Great Britain. These species are Drepana cultraria, Paradarisa consonaria, Paradarisa extersaria, Cerastis leucographa and Lithophane hepatica.</p><br>
<p>Dormice are present in the wood, and are carefully monitored as a protected species. Red kites are frequently seen in the area, as are other rare bird species such as lesser spotted woodpeckers and marsh tits. A red deer was also once sighted in the wood.</p><br>
<p>As with other Chiltern woodlands, trees in Bottom Wood have been damaged by grey squirrels stripping their bark. Management measures are in place to control the squirrel population.</p><br>
<p>Rossie Priory is a country house and estate to the north of Inchture, near the hamlets of Baledgarno and Knapp, Perthshire, Scotland. It lies 9.6 mi by road west of the city centre of Dundee.</p><br>
<p>Rossie Priory was designed by the architect William Atkinson in Regency Gothic Style. It was built as a house (never actually a priory) in 1817 for Charles Kinnaird, 8th Lord Kinnaird and is the seat of the Kinnaird family. The large estate is roughly 2000 acres.</p><br>
<p>An early calotype photographic studio was established here for George Kinnaird, 9th Lord Kinnaird with the assistance of Thomas Rodger in around 1850.</p><br>
<p>The estate contains a notable collection of art, but some paintings it owned by the likes of Rembrandt and Guido Reni were sold off in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Kirwin Reservoir is a reservoir in Phillips County, Kansas, United States. It is located next to the city of Kirwin in northern Kansas. The USA Bureau of Reclamation built it and continues to operate it for the purposes of flood control and area irrigation. The Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge lies on its shores.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the agricultural devastation of the Dust Bowl during the 1930s, local residents and state officials advocated for construction of a dam in the Solomon River basin to create a reservoir for irrigation. The USA Bureau of Reclamation began investigating potential sites in 1939. The Flood Control Act of 1944 authorized construction of Kirwin Dam and Reservoir as part of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, but World War II and its aftermath delayed the effort.</p><br>
<p>Kirwin Irrigation District No. 1 organized in 1950. A massive flood of the entire Kansas River basin stoked public demand for flood control infrastructure. In response, the USA Congress passed an appropriation act directing the immediate construction of Kirwin Dam and Reservoir for flood control, but allowing for further study before starting irrigation operations. Construction of Kirwin Dam began in March 1952 and lasted until completion of the project in August 1955. Storage of water in the reservoir began in October 1955. The next month, contractors started building Kirwin Canal and its extensions east of the dam, finishing construction in January 1958.</p><br>
<p>Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1954 as an overlay project on the flood control and irrigation efforts at the site. The first such national refuge in Kansas, it was created to conserve and manage local wildlife, specifically migratory birds.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kirwin Reservoir is located at 39&deg;39&prime;22&Prime;N latitude, 99&deg;09&prime;40&Prime;W longitude (39.6560352, -99.1609843) at an elevation of 1,729 ft.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is impounded at its eastern end by Kirwin Dam. The dam is located at 39&deg;39&prime;30&Prime;N latitude, 99&deg;07&prime;26&Prime;W longitude (39.6583439, -99.1239777) at an elevation of 1,752 ft. The North Fork Solomon River and Bow Creek are the reservoir&#39;s primary inflows; the North Fork Solomon is also its primary outflow.</p><br>
<p>Kansas Highway 9 runs generally east-west north of the reservoir. East 1100 Road, a paved county road, runs generally north-south immediately east of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>There is one settlement at the reservoir: Kirwin, Kansas, located immediately below the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The surface area, surface elevation, and water volume of the reservoir fluctuate based on inflow and local climatic conditions. In terms of capacity, the Bureau of Reclamation vertically divides the reservoir into a set of pools based on volume and water level, and it considers the reservoir full when filled to the capacity of its active conservation pool.</p><br>
<p>The streambed underlying the reservoir has an elevation of 1,662 ft. Since the reservoir&#39;s initial flooding, sedimentation has gradually accumulated on the reservoir bottom thus raising its elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Kirwin Dam is a rolled earth-fill embankment dam with a structural height of 169 ft and a length of 12,646 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Kirwin Main Canal extends east from the dam for 13.4 mi on the north side of the river. It then branches into the Kirwin North Canal, which continues for another 14.3 mi, and the Kirwin South Canal, which crosses the river in a siphon and continues along its south side for another 16.3 mi. 38 mi of lateral canals extend outward from all three central canals. The entire network provides irrigation to 11,435 acres of land.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The USA Bureau of Reclamation operates and maintains Kirwin Dam and Reservoir. The local irrigation authority, Kirwin Irrigation District No. 1, operates and maintains the canals, laterals, and drains.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Kirwin Reservoir is open for sport fishing year-round. The Fish and Wildlife Service permits hunting for waterfowl and upland game during appropriate seasons.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fish species resident in Kirwin Reservoir include black crappie, channel catfish, largemouth and smallmouth bass, walleye, and wiper. The surrounding wildlife refuge is home to a broad variety of animals including mule and white-tailed deer, hawks, owls, pheasants, prairie chickens, bobwhite quail, and Rio Grande turkeys. During the winter, the area hosts populations of both bald and golden eagles. In addition, Kirwin serves as a staging point for water birds such as cormorants and pelicans.</p><br>
<p>A remote portion of the refuge serves as a Research Natural Area consisting of bluestem and grama prairie grasses.</p><br>
<p>Chikaar is a high plain and gateway to Darkot Pass The border between Chitral District and Ghizer District of Gilgit-Baltistan. It is a small village of around 200 families. Landscape around the village offers superb scenery of clouds and sky piercing peaks. In the last decade it has got significant importance due to the relatively easy route that it offers towards Darkot Pass.</p><br>
<p>Climbers and trekkers take porters from this point towards Darkot base camp. Though electricity is not available but few of the houses have solar panels to run home appliances. Usually trekkers take the benefit out of their hospitality and get their electronic equipment i.e. phone, camera etc. charged through solar panels.</p><br>
<p>An upper and next stage is Darkoot base-camp (often quoted as Chikaar Base). Chikaar base-camp is located at the left side of the accumulation zone of the Darkoot glacier. Trekkers and climbers make stopovers here to start their journey towards Darkot pass from Darkot glacier. Distance from Chikaar to Darkot Base-camp takes an ascending hike of 5–6 hours.</p><br>
<p>The Pierce County Courthouse in Rugby, North Dakota was built in 1908. It was designed by St. Paul, Minnesota architects Buechner & Orth in Beaux Arts or Modified Renaissance style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as part of a multiple property submission for Buechner and Orth Courthouses in North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The front facade of the building is constructed of brown Hebron pressed brick with Beford stone trim and features paired stone columns. The building includes a central tower with columns and arched windows topped by a silver-colored dome. The dome has a diameter of 28 feet and extends to a height of 100 feet from the grade line. A newspaper article in 1910 noted: "The dome is one of the show features of the court house and has no equal at the present time in the state." The interior features four murals depicting historic scenes from Pierce County.</p><br>
<p>A shield above the main entrance displays the Latin words "PAX" and "LEX." The interior rotunda and main entry hall feature purple (or dark red) marble wainscoting and pink marble pilasters. The building included a meeting room for the county commissioners and offices for the county auditor, treasurer, and register of deeds. The courtroom on the second floor has an ornamental beamed ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The historic site includes a two-story structure originally used as the sheriff&#39;s residence and jail located to the southeast of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, shortly after the courthouse opened, district judge John Cowan was impeached and charged with drunken behavior, disorderly conduct, and assault. One of the incidents involved an allegation that he tried "to forcibly kiss a woman in the Pierce County courthouse at Rugby." Cowan was acquitted of the charges in a trial before the North Dakota Senate.</p><br>
<p>The Sargent County Courthouse in Forman, North Dakota was built in 1910. The courthouse of Sargent County, it was designed by architects Buechner & Orth in Beaux Arts style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as an "economy version" of the Foster County Courthouse and Pierce County Courthouses (other North Dakota courthouses designed by Buechner & Orth). Its front facade has a center pavilion that is "virtually identical" to that of the Foster County Courthouse, which small variations.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building includes a skylight of geometric stained glass, and pink terrazzo and pink marble floors on the first floor. The interior may have had murals that have been lost, but has not been changed in terms of its spaces, besides addition of a dropped ceiling of acoustical tile in the courtroom. In particular its rotunda interior is simpler than those of other Buechner & Orth courthouses in North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Auzia was a Roman-Berber colonia in present-day Sour El-Ghozlane, Algeria. The area was located around 150 km south-east of Algiers, in the ancient province of Mauretania Caesariensis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Auzia probably took the name from the Berber pagan god "Auzius", because under Augustus a Roman castrum was founded near a small Berber village with that name The city constituted of a castrum (fort) and a vicus (small city): Auzia achieved autonomous status as municipium in the second century and later was renamed Colonia Septima Aurelia Auziense by emperor Septimius Severus. As a Roman colonia, its people received full status of Roman citizenship rights.</p><br>
<p>Tacitus wrote about a "Castellum Auziense", as the headquarters of the Roman garrison commander in Mauretania Caesariensis&#39;s central limes (border fortifications).</p><br>
<p>According to the historian Rchard Lawless, Auzia was a vicus that achieved independent status from the castrum (fort) garrison and had a forum (market square) and an important pagan temple, later converted into a Christian church.</p><br>
<p>Auzia had even a theater and a small "circus" for chariot races, created around 227 AD according to epigraphic evidence</p><br>
<p>Auzia achieved prosperity mainly because it was at the center of some roads in Roman Africa: from Auzia there were roads toward the Mediterranean sea (Caesarea) and the Saharan interior with the Atlas mountains.</p><br>
<p>In 290 AD, however, the Bavares tribe attacked Auzia and the city suffered huge destruction. Vandals and Byzantine troops occupied temporarily the city.</p><br>
<p>It was reduced to a small village when Arabs conquered the region at the end of the seventh century.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>According to the sources, the French had undertaken several excavations in the ruins of Auzia without ever revealing the slightest historical fact to scientific research because of the policy of francization which was aimed at erasing all trace of civilization old or present on the territory Algerian.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the reconstruction of Auzia would have destroyed several historical sites in the time of the Duke of Aumale. All the large-scale excavations were carried out secretly by the French authorities, who forbade access to the sites to the Arabs, which means that they wanted to hide all the increasingly numerous A civilization fundamentally different from that of the Roman Empire. The French administrative decision prompts the workers with a confidential note to destroy all objects and funeral inscriptions found in the site of the temple of Apollo, completely destroyed to build the civil hospital there - a truth conveyed through history By Algerians who participated in the construction of the city of Aumale. At the same time, Auzia was not occupied by inhabitants, it was about Roman ruins that the French choose for the construction of the city of Aumale. The inhabitants of the region, mostly from the tribes of Ouled Driss, Ouled Faârha and Ouled Khalouf who occupied the Dirah Mountains, organized themselves and succeeded in uniting all the tribes to oppose the French troops and then to be forced into negotiations.</p><br>
<h2>Urban Design</h2><br>
<p>The study of the urbanism of the ruins reveals that the town of Auzia was fenced by a long wall of quarry stone, supposedly removed from the quarry located as the departmental road connecting Sour-El-Ghozlane - Ain-Bessem. A wall 75 cm wide and 6.7 km long surrounding the city. The total area of Auzia is 920 hectares. Inside, the Romans built a large military barracks at the entrance of Bab-El-Gurt (currently). There were several cohorts, commanded by a tribune militum, a squadron of Moorish vexillaries (light and mobile troops recruited from the provinces), supported in force by a cavalry corps (led by three decurions and a Præfectus equitum. Which was important for the Roman Empire and had a regional military district in charge of surveillance and intervention at the scale of the Tirinadi (Berrouaghia) region in the Djurdjura and Biban Mountains. (Djouab), the second in Afoul (Chalalat el-Adhoura) and the third in the mountains of Jebel Lakhdar in Achir (The ruins located 4 km from Ain-Boucif reveal the existence of this bastion advanced).</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The total area of Roman construction in the city of Auzia, a space of more than 720 hectares, reveals that the city was populated by a population of more than 12 000 to 13 000 inhabitants, that it would be the largest Roman city of Central Algeria, more important than Tipaza. But this figure could be increased in view of its status as a large military barracks. In addition, the shape of the city reveals a common principle of construction rules, based on the keys of modern urbanism namely the four functions: habitat, work, leisure and circulation. This quality of modern city that can be made of Auzia, attracted the inhabitants of all the tribes, which had resulted in a galloping demography which prompted the Roman authorities to found another city in the region, first to defend Auzia Repeated attacks by the Moors in a protected place, like a fortified enclosure. This was the origin of the foundation of CASTELLUM AUZIENS.</p><br>
<h2>Former and Titular bishopric</h2><br>
<p>Christianity was present in the Auzia area during the third century. It achieved the status of episcopal see. It was one of the many suffragans of the metropolitan Archbishopric of Mauretania Caesariensis, the capital of the Late Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, and faded like most.</p><br>
<p>The Ancient diocese of Auzia was nominally revived in 1594 as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric of the lowest (episcopal) rank. It had many incumbents -all episcopal- until its suppression in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Jean Daffis (1594.01.19 – 1597.11.10)</p><br>
<p>Jean de Bertier (1602.02.25 – 1602.08.31)</p><br>
<p>Antoine de Coues (1604.03.15 – 1616)</p><br>
<p>Bishop-elect Alphonse d’Elbène (1608.02.04 – 1608.02.08)</p><br>
<p>Henri Clausse de Fleury (1608.04.28 – 1624.09.18)</p><br>
<p>Philibert du Sault (1618.07.23 – 1623.05.25)</p><br>
<p>Pedro Luis Manso Zuñiga (1648.07.06 – 1669.12.16)</p><br>
<p>Jacques de Bourges, Paris Foreign Missions Society M.E.P. (1679.11.25 – 1714.08.09)</p><br>
<p>Lorenzo Taranco Mujaurrieta (1736.02.27 – 1745.03.08)</p><br>
<p>Peter Creagh (1745.04.12 – 1747)</p><br>
<p>Vincenzo Sangermano, Barnabites (B.) (1792.02.14 – ?)</p><br>
<p>John MacLaughlin (1837.02.21 – 1840.08.18)</p><br>
<p>Vincenzo Bufi Bocci (1838.02.15 – 1850.07.21)</p><br>
<p>Giovanni Battista Arnaldi (1852.03.18 – 1853.03.07) (later Archbishop</p><br>
<p>Vitale Galli (1875.07.05 – 1876.01.11)</p><br>
<p>Antonio Piterà (1877.03.20 – 1913.05.10)</p><br>
<p>It was restored in 1933, and since was nearly continuously filled, again all incumbents of episcopal rank :</p><br>
<p>Francis Hong Yong-ho (홍용호 프란치스코) (1944.03.24 – 1962.03.10)</p><br>
<p>Francisco Xavier Gillmore Stock (1962.09.04 – 1990.05.27)</p><br>
<p>Markijan Trofimiak (1991.01.16 – 1998.03.25)</p><br>
<p>Ludwig Schick (1998.05.20 – 2002.06.28) (later Archbishop)</p><br>
<p>Dominique Marie Jean Denis You ((2002.12.11 – 2006.02.08)</p><br>
<p>Yaroslav Pryriz, Redemptorists (C.SS.R.) (2006.03.02 – 2010.04.21)</p><br>
<p>F. Richard Spencer (2010.05.22 –...), Auxiliary Bishop of the Military Ordinariate of United States of America (USA).</p><br>
<p>Webster Reservoir is a reservoir in Rooks County, Kansas, United States. Built and managed by the USA Bureau of Reclamation, it is used for flood control, irrigation, and recreation. Webster State Park is located on its shore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Webster Dam and Reservoir was approved as part of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. Following the Great Flood of 1951, the USA Bureau of Reclamation determined the project could provide additional flood control and irrigation support to the region. Contractors started construction in March 1953, but a combination of funding problems and adverse weather caused multiple delays over the following years. Water storage in the reservoir began May 3, 1956, and the Webster project became formally operational September 1, 1956.</p><br>
<p>Area residents successfully organized Webster Irrigation District No. 4 and obtained a water right in December 1956. Construction of downstream irrigation infrastructure, including a diversion dam near Woodston, Kansas and the Osborne Canal, began in July 1957 and finished in April 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Webster Reservoir is located in northwestern Kansas on the western edge of the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. It is located entirely within Rooks County.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is impounded at its eastern end by Webster Dam located at 39&deg;24&prime;30&Prime;N latitude, 99&deg;25&prime;28&Prime;W longitude (39.4083423, -99.4245476) at an elevation of 1,893 ft. The South Fork Solomon River is both the reservoir&#39;s primary inflow and outflow.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 24 runs generally east-west north of the reservoir. Kansas Highway 258 runs generally north-south along the top of Webster Dam.</p><br>
<p>There is one unincorporated settlement at Webster Reservoir: Webster, Kansas, the reservoir&#39;s namesake, located just southeast of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The surface area, surface elevation, and water volume of the reservoir fluctuate based on inflow and local climatic conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Webster Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam with a structural height of 154 ft and a length of 10,604 ft. At its crest, the dam has an elevation of 1,944 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The USA Bureau of Reclamation operates and maintains Webster Dam and Reservoir. The Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWP) manages 8,018 acres of land around the reservoir and upstream along the South Fork Solomon River as the Webster Wildlife Area.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The KDWP manages Webster State Park located on the shore of the reservoir. Occupying a total of 880 acres, the park is divided into two areas: the Oldtown Area on the north shore and the Goose Flat Area on the south shore.</p><br>
<p>Webster Reservoir is open for sport fishing. Hunting is permitted on the public land around the reservoir although it is restricted in the Wildlife Area.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fish species resident in Webster Reservoir include bluegill, channel and flathead catfish, crappie, largemouth and smallmouth bass, rainbow trout, walleye, white bass, and wiper. Game animals living around the reservoir include deer, ducks, pheasants, quail, and turkeys. Bald eagles are also present in the area.</p><br>
<p>Kanopolis Lake is a reservoir in Ellsworth County in the Smoky Hills of central Kansas, about 31 miles southwest of Salina and a few miles southeast of the town of Kanopolis. The lake is formed by Kanopolis Dam. Completed in 1948 as a flood control and water conservation project of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the dam impounds the Smoky Hill River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Flood Control Act of 1938 authorized the construction of Kanopolis Dam and Lake, and the USA Army Corps of Engineers began work in June 1940. Storage of water in the reservoir began February 17, 1948. Kanopolis Lake was the first reservoir built in the Corps of Engineers&#39; Kansas City District which continues to oversee it to the present day.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kanopolis Lake is located at 38&deg;37&prime;58&Prime;N latitude, 97&deg;59&prime;53&Prime;W longitude (38.6327013, -97.9980411) at an elevation of 1,463 ft.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is impounded at its southeastern end by Kanopolis Dam. The dam is located at 38&deg;37&prime;00&Prime;N latitude, 97&deg;58&prime;06&Prime;W longitude (38.6166747, -97.9683822) at an elevation of 1,467 ft. The Smoky Hill River is both the reservoir&#39;s primary inflow from the northwest and outflow to the southeast. Smaller tributaries include Alum Creek, which flows south into the northern end of the reservoir, and Bluff Creek, which flows north-northeast into the southwest part of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Kansas Highway 141 runs generally north-south along the reservoir&#39;s eastern shore and across the top of Kanopolis Dam.</p><br>
<p>There are two settlements at Kanopolis Lake, both unincorporated: Yankee Run on the western shore and Venango on the eastern shore immediately north of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The surface area, surface elevation, and water volume of the reservoir fluctuate based on inflow and local climatic conditions. In terms of capacity, the Corps of Engineers vertically divides the reservoir into a set of pools based on volume and water level, and the reservoir is considered full when filled to the capacity of its multi-purpose pool. When full, Kanopolis Lake has a surface area of 3,406 acres, a surface elevation of 1,463 ft, and a volume of 49,474 acre-ft. When filled to maximum capacity, it has a surface area of 23,408 acres, a surface elevation of 1,532 ft, and a volume of 857,407 acre-ft.</p><br>
<p>The streambed underlying the reservoir has an elevation of 1,406 ft. Since the reservoir&#39;s initial flooding, sedimentation has gradually accumulated on the reservoir bottom thus raising its elevation.</p><br>
<p>When full, the reservoir has 41 mi of shoreline while, at the top of its flood control pool, it has 135 mi of shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Kanopolis Dam is a rolled earth-fill embankment dam with riprap on its upstream face. It stands 131 ft tall and 15,360 ft long. At its crest, the dam has an elevation of 1,537 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The Kansas City District of the USA Army Corps of Engineers manages Kanopolis Dam and Kanopolis Lake for the purposes of flood damage reduction, recreation, fish and wildlife management, and water supply and quality management. The Corps also oversees 11,000 acres of land around the reservoir, conducting prairie restoration, prescribed burning, and tree planting in order to conserve soil and benefit wildlife. The Corps also leases 41 units of land totaling roughly 12,500 acres to area farmers to use with designated wildlife management requirements.</p><br>
<p>Of the land around the reservoir, the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWP) manages over 5,000 acres as the Smoky Hill Wildlife Area. It has designated a portion of the Area as a wildlife refuge. The KDWP also stocks fish for the reservoir seasonally.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Corps of Engineers manages three parks at Kanopolis Lake: Venango Park, Outlet Park, and Riverside Park. The largest, Venango Park, is located on the reservoirs eastern shore just north of Kanopolis Dam. It hosts campgrounds, hiking trails, an ATV trail, a swimming beach, and a boat ramp. Outlet Park is a small park that lies immediately below the dam at the confluence of the Smoky Hill River with Sand Creek. Riverside Park is on the south bank of the river just east of Outlet Park and hosts camping facilities. The Corps of Engineers Information Center is also located below the dam, just south of Outlet Park. The Corps also operates the Boldt Bluff and Yankee Run access areas, located on the reservoirs western shore, for fishing and primitive camping.</p><br>
<p>The KDWP oversees Kanopolis State Park which is divided into two areas: the Horsethief Area, located on the reservoir&#39;s eastern shore north of Venango Park, and the Langley Point Area, located on the southern shore immediately west of the dam. Both areas host amphitheaters, boat ramps, and camping facilities. The Horsethief Area also includes extensive hiking trails, several of which extend into the Smoky Hill Wildlife Area. The Langley Point Area also includes a baseball field, a marina, and a swimming beach. KDWP also manages Mushroom Rock State Park located approximately 4 mi north of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Kanopolis Lake is open to sport fishing. Almost 16,000 acres of public land near the reservoir, most of it upstream along the Smoky Hill River, are open to hunting.</p><br>
<h3>Points of interest</h3><br>
<p>The Faris Caves are located in the Smoky Hill Wildlife Area northwest of the reservoir. Carved into the sandstone cliffs along the Smoky Hill River by early American settlers, they once served as a school house, living quarters, and a milk house.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fish species resident in Kanopolis Lake include channel catfish, crappie, largemouth bass, saugeye, walleye, white bass, and wiper. Game animals living around the reservoir include coyotes, deer, pheasants, prairie chickens, rabbits, quail, squirrels, turkeys, and various waterfowl. Bald eagles and ospreys migrate through the area in winter.</p><br>
<p>The Small House, also known as the Milton Small House, is a modernist house built on a steep hillside on Lake Boone Trail in Raleigh, North Carolina. Built in 1951, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>From the 1940s to the 1960s, the faculty of the North Carolina State College School of Design included several modernist architects, including G. Milton Small, FAIA (1916-1992). Small had studied under Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology before moving to Raleigh in 1948. He designed the Small House as his own family residence.</p><br>
<p>Small used builder Frank Walser to construct the house. Small went into business with Walser for a time, building homes in the Drewry Hills neighborhood of Raleigh.</p><br>
<p>In its original from, the Small House was "a compact T-shaped, flat-roofed frame box."</p><br>
<p>A 1961 addition was designed by Small, adding bedrooms to the sides of the house and separate living and dining rooms.</p><br>
<p>Temple Emanu-El in Helena, Montana, United States, was the first Jewish synagogue to be constructed between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Portland, Oregon. It was completed in 1891. The once-thriving Jewish community of Helena declined to the point that by the 1930s they could no longer maintain the building, and it was sold to the State of Montana, which added a second floor, converted it to office space and removed most religious symbolism from the building, though kept the unique stained glass windows. Eventually, the building fell into disuse by the state other than storage space, and so it was purchased by the Catholic Diocese of Helena, which owns it today and uses it to house their administrative offices. While the Jewish communities of Montana have always been small, they have become more active and visible in recent decades.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the temple began in 1890, with the cornerstone laid by Montana governor Joseph K. Toole, and was completed in 1891. Architects Heinlein and Mathias used granite, porphyry and sandstone in the construction to create the building, which could hold as many as 500 people. It is built in Neo-Romanesque style with keyhole windows and stained glass. The original building also featured a 30-foot high ceiling in the sanctuary, and two large "onion"-style domes outside capping the towers placed on either side of the front entrance, making it an example of Moorish Revival architecture. However, after the turn of the 20th century, the congregation fell upon hard economic times, and by the 1930s the Jewish population of Helena was too small to maintain the building. The leader of the remaining congregation, Norman Winestine, arranged to sell off the organ and pews to the Seventh-Day Adventists, and the State of Montana bought the temple itself for $1, promising to use the building for "a good and social purpose." The state remodeled the building in 1935-1936, adding a second floor over what had been the sanctuary, removed the onion domes, as well as most of the religious symbols on the exterior, some by sandblasting. The stained glass windows, however, were preserved. The state used the building to house the offices of the Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services. The temple was not actively used from 1976–1980, serving as a storage space for the Montana Historical Society. Winestine, still living, feared it would be torn down. But in 1980 the Catholic Diocese of Helena bought it for approximately $83,000, and today it serves as the headquarters for the Diocese offices, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. In 2001, a plaque commemorating the synagogue was placed on the outside of the building, which continues to be well-maintained by the Diocese.</p><br>
<h2>History of Helena's Jewish community</h2><br>
<p>During the Montana Gold Rush hundreds of Jewish people came to Montana, many of them to Helena. On a purchasing trip to New York, Helena merchant Herman Gans convinced Rabbi Samuel Schulman to move to Helena. Rabbi Schulman was from Berlin and brought German Reform Judaism along. Rabbi Schulman and Gans were heavily involved in building Helena&#39;s temple.</p><br>
<p>The United Hebrew Benevolent Society also developed the Home of Peace Cemetery, which, due to the large numbers of Jewish people who left Helena (and much of Montana) during the Great Depression, now contains more bodies than the current living Jewish population of Helena. In nearby Butte, Montana, the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Butte followed, in 1881. The Butte Jewish community formed Congregation B&#39;Nai Israel in 1897, completing their Temple 1903.</p><br>
<h2>Montana's Jewish community today</h2><br>
<p>Temple B&#39;Nai Israel still holds services in Butte,</p><br>
<p>In 2008, local interest in Judaism was revived when the city of Helena bought a surplus bomb-sniffing dog for the price of a plane ticket from the Israel Defense Forces, who had gotten the puppy from an animal shelter in The Netherlands, but upon arrival, the Helena police department discovered the dog only responded to Hebrew commands and, though given a printed vocabulary list of commands, the officer in charge of the dog could not get "Miky" the German Shepherd to respond. When Rabbi Bruk came to the state capitol for a Hanukkah ceremony, the officer asked him some questions. Bruk taught the officer how to correctly pronounce Hebrew and then Miky began to respond.</p><br>
<p>The Covered Bridge  in Cedarburg, Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, United States, is one of the last remaining covered bridges in that state, which once had about 40 covered bridges. Built in 1876 to cross Cedar Creek, the bridge is 120 ft long and is made of pine with oak lattices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is now used only for pedestrian traffic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1876, the result of a petition by area farmers. It was constructed to serve as a permanent replacement for previous bridges that had washed out on various occasions. In 1927, an abutment was added under the center of the bridge to support heavier vehicle traffic, such as cars and trucks, which were not present at the time of the original construction.</p><br>
<p>The Ozaukee County Board took over the bridge&#39;s preservation and maintenance in 1940.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, Ozaukee County bought the bridge and surrounding land for $7,500 and developed the area into Covered Bridge County Park.</p><br>
<p>After nearly a century of continuous use, the bridge began to suffer, with the heavy traffic loosening the planks. It was decided that the only way to preserve the bridge was to alleviate the burden. In 1962, the Park Commission made the choice to relocate the bridge by moving it off the abutments to a location approximately 50 ft east of where it was. It was also restricted to pedestrian traffic. A second, modern bridge was built beside it to the west, only a few yards away. This new bridge is now used for vehicular traffic on the adjacent Covered Bridge Road. The original bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 14, 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the county planned to spend over $19,000 on capital improvements for the Covered Bridge County Park, with part of the money to be used for new decking and railings for the bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and specifications</h2><br>
<p>The Covered Bridge is situated in a north-south orientation over Cedarburg Creek. It is a timber lattice truss bridge, and was originally 120 ft long. It is 17 ft wide, and has a height of about 18 ft from the top of the abutments to the tip of the roof. The interior, from the deck to the top of the knee braces is approximately 13 ft.</p><br>
<p>It was built using oak and pine timbers, wood that was prepared at a site near Baraboo, Wisconsin. The lattices are very large, made of oak, and were assembled without the use of bolts or nails. Instead, the trusses, consisting of 3 by planks, are secured at the joints using oak pegs measuring 2 in in diameter, and having rounded ends. The boards used at the sides and ends measure 1 by, and have joints covered by 1 by battens. There are diagonal braces that measure 4 by, and are tenoned to fit into cross tie beams, and fitted with 2 by oak wedges.</p><br>
<p>The roof is shingled with cedar over 3 by rafters spaced 30 to 36 in apart. The cross tie beams at the floor are notched and bolted at each end.</p><br>
<p>The floor joists, measuring 6 by, are decked with 2 by wood laid on edge forming the deck. The interior walls were lined with a protective wheel guard about one foot above the deck.</p><br>
<p>The abutments are made of fieldstone set in white mortar. They are 17 ft wide where they meet the deck of the bridge, widening toward the ground to about 18 ft. The center abutment was originally also made of fieldstone, but sometime before 1937 was replaced with concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Plaques and historical markers</h2><br>
<p>The bridge displays a plaque, placed on it in 1955 by the Port Washington Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, that identifies it as the "last covered bridge in Wisconsin" and lists the dates of 1876 and 1955.</p><br>
<h2>Replica</h2><br>
<p>A replica of the Covered Bridge, named the Springwater Volunteer Bridge, was built in 1997 in Waushara County, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The Bouřňák  is one of the highest mountains in the eastern Ore Mountains on the territory of Czech Republic. The mountain is known as one of the most important ski centres of the Eastern Ore Mountains. The windswept beech forest on the northeast side of the summit, an area of 3.26 hectares, has been placed under protection since 1979 as a natural monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The foundation stone for the mountain hut was laid on 15 July 1928. It was built by the Czech Tourist Club (KČT). It was used by the Wehrmacht in the Second World War.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>The German and Czech name of the mountain comes from the severe storms (Czech bouře, German Sturmer) that occur here.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>The views are very rewarding. To the north it is somewhat obscured by the crest of the Ore Mountains, but the views to the south, east and west are impressive. Over 206 towns and villages may be seen from the summit, from Ústí to Most. In the distance Ještěd, Říp in front of Prague, the Křivoklátsko Woods, the Doupov Mountains and Kahleberg may be made out.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Bouřňák lies in the eastern Ore Mountains, 10 kilometres northwest of Teplice and 10 kilometres southwest of Altenberg on a prominent escarpment of the Ore Mountains. At the foot of the mountain is the mining town of Mikulov and the village of Hrob. Immediately next to the shoulder of the mountain, on the crest of the Ore Mountain ridge, is the small settlement of Nové Město, today purely a resort.</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The shortest way to the top runs along the road from Neustadt. Formerly the Old Freiberg to Teplitz Post Road ran along here.</p><br>
<p>The Bouřňák offers an extensive range of cross-country skiing trails and downhill runs in winter. There are several prepared trails and lifts. Since 2005 there has been a snowboard fun park.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain Rescue Service station</h2><br>
<p>The Mountain Rescue Service of the Czech Republic has its rescue station on the peak. It is permanently open. During the week, the station is occupied by full-time employees; at weekends, volunteers help with rescue duties.</p><br>
<p>The Bergdoll Mansion is a historic house located in the Spring Garden neighborhood of Philadelphia. It was designed by noted architect James H. Windrim and built in 1886. It is in a Beaux Arts / Italianate-style.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed as the home of the Louis Bergdoll family owners of the City Park Brewery. Grover Cleveland Bergdoll, scion of the well known brewing family, was a playboy, aviator, and World War I draft dodger.</p><br>
<p>The 14,000 square foot mansion has eight bedrooms, nine bathrooms, two kitchens, mahogany woodwork, multiple fireplaces, frescoes and mosaics. It was listed for sale in 2012 with an asking price of $6.9 million.</p><br>
<p>The Petersberg, at, is the highest point in the district of Saalekreis in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt.</p><br>
<p>Its name is derived from St. Peter&#39;s Church, which is on the hill. Until the 14th century the Petersberg was known as the Lauterberg.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Petersberg is located about 10 kilometres north of the German city of Halle on the River Saale not quite halfway between Halle and Köthen. The municipality of Petersberg with its hamlets of Drehlitz and Frößnitz lie on the hill. At the foot of the hill are the villages of Ostrau and Wallwitz as well as three small nature reserves. On the southern slopes of the hill is a small lake.</p><br>
<p>A stretch of the A 14 motorway runs past the Petersberg to the west and south, and the B 6 federal highway runs by to the southwest. They form a junction at Halle-Trotha, from where the Petersberg may easily be reached.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Petersberg is the highest point of the Halle Porphyry complex. It was formed, like the other porphyritic domes in the surrounding area, during the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian by the solidification of numerous molten lava flows under the earth. In the slowly cooling lava, easily visible feldspar and quartz crystals were formed. The Petersberg consists of small-grained Halle porphyry – this hard rock is used mainly as a raw material for the manufacture of ballast and gravel.</p><br>
<p>The present shape of the hill is a result of the last ice age. The surrounding loose rock was cleared away by the ice sheet leaving the hard porphyritic core behind. The top of the hill stood clear of the glacier as a nunatak.</p><br>
<h2>Petersberg Abbey</h2><br>
<p>Petersberg Abbey with its collegiate church of St. Peter is a former Augustinian monastery. Since 1999 it has been used by an Evangelical monastic community of the Community of the Christ-Brotherhood Selbitz.</p><br>
<h2>Bismarck tower</h2><br>
<p>One of the 15 surviving Bismarck towers in Saxony-Anhalt stands on the Petersberg. Its 15-metre-high tower was built to a design by Wilhelm Kreis and inaugurated on 24 September 1902. The observation tower that was badly damaged in the Second World War was thoroughly renovated in 1999/2000, so that it is once again climbable for the first time since the war.</p><br>
<h2>Communication towers</h2><br>
<p>There is a communication tower on the Petersberg at 51&deg;35&prime;43&Prime;N latitude, 11&deg;57&prime;26&Prime;E longitude which was built in 1963 and became operational on 1 May 1965. Made of reinforced concrete, the Petersberg communication tower is 119 metres high and is now operated by Deutsche Telekom. It broadcasts several radio programmes for the Halle region, including MDR 1 Radio Sachsen-Anhalt, MDR Sputnik and Radio SAW.</p><br>
<p>There is also a seven storey A Tower on the Petersberg which also belongs to Deutsche Telekom and has directional antennas on the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Petersberg is a popular tourist destination. On the hill is a wildlife park with Eurasian animals. There is also a sommerrodelbahn with toboggans and similar vehicles, that is open all year round. There are regular flea markets on a festival ground on the hill as well as other events.</p><br>
<p>The E11 European long distance path from the Netherlands to Masuria runs close by the Petersberg.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Otfried Wagenbreth und Walter Steiner: Geologische Streifzüge. Landschaft und Erdgeschichte zwischen Kap Arkona und Fichtelberg. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 4th edition, Leipzig, 1990.</p><br>
<p>Peter Rothe: Die Geologie Deutschlands. 48 Landschaften im Portrait. 2nd edition, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Kgale Hill (Setswana for "The Place that Dried Up" The hill used to be home to a television repeater and is now a tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Hikers have a choice of three trails to climb to the peak.</p><br>
<p>The hill is the site of the PPC King of the Hill race, a collaboration between PPC Botswana and the Gaborone Runners Club. The 15 km race begins at the PPC Botswana office, travels past Game City Mall, winds around the Kgale Quarry, climbs up the hill, and goes back to the PPC Botswana office.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Filming for The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency took place at the foot of Kgale Hill, giving rise to the nickname "Kgalewood" for the set. The shows producers signed a ten-year lease for the area, and the Botswana government has invested US$5 million in the TV show in order to develop the set for tourism.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Lutheran Church of Richland County, was built in 1883 by the faith community originally known as the South Wild Rice Lutheran Congregation, whose constitution was adopted on December 27, 1872. In 1882 the name of the faith community was changed to St. Johns as construction of the building began. This wood frame church, still stands on its original "single course, dry-laid, uncut fieldstone foundation," and is located east of the Wild Rice River in the Red River Valley near Galchutt, North Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The South Wild Rice Congregation was made up of Norwegian immigrants who arrived in the area in the early 1870s. In October 1873 the first annual meeting of the congregation was held, at which it was decided to reserve a 2 acre-parcel of land, found on Section 32, Range 48, Township 134, for religious purposes. One acre was to be set aside as church property, while the remaining acre was to be used as the church&#39;s cemetery. The oldest date on any grave marker is 1877.</p><br>
<p>In its early years, this congregation met in members&#39; homes. In 1874 a log schoolhouse was built and served as a church until the congregation could afford a separate building. This first schoolhouse was not very large, only 18 by 22 by 10 feet. Later it was moved to land just north of the church.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns was built in 1883, with the bell tower having been added in 1897, it was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The churchs listing on the National Register was based on its connection with the first wave of Norwegian Lutheran settlers in the region, the early settlement of southeastern North Dakota, and its retention of "greater integrity than any other church building in the region."</p><br>
<p>The church building has not been used for regular services since 1956, except for occasional events such as periodic worship services, baptisms and weddings. However, burial activity in the cemetery has continued.</p><br>
<h2>Tenure</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s stands today as a monument of the early pioneers. Although regular services are no longer held, the church build and grounds are maintained by the descendants of these pioneers. Since 1956 this responsibility has been held in trust by the people of Galchutt Lutheran Church of Galchutt, North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The Col du Ballon dAlsace  is a mountain pass situated close to the summit of the Ballon dAlsace  in the Vosges Mountains of France. It connects Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle  with Masevaux  and Belfort.</p><br>
<p>The Ballon d&#39;Alsace was the first official mountain climb in the Tour de France on 11 July 1905 although the tour had crossed the slightly lower Col de la République (1,161 m) in each of the previous two years. The first rider to the top of the Ballon was René Pottier, with the stage being won by Hippolyte Aucouturier. Stage 9 of the 2005 Tour crossed this pass on the centenary of the original climb.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climbs</h2><br>
<p>The "historic" ascent, as used in the early Tours de France, is from Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle (north). From here, the ascent is 9.0 km long climbing 619 m at an average of 6.9%.</p><br>
<p>From the south, the climb starts at Malvaux, 4.5 km north of Giromagny. The climb is 12.4 km long, gaining 643 m at an average of 5.2%.</p><br>
<p>From Sewen (east), the climb is 13.2 km long, at an average of 5.1%, gaining 678 m in height. This climb starts on the D466 and joins the route from the south after 10 km, at the col du Langenberg (1,060 m). The middle section (between 4 and 9 km) is steep, in excess of 8%.</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The Ballon dAlsace was first crossed by the Tour de France on the second stage of the 1905 tour, from Nancy to Dijon. In the first two Tours de France, the cycle race had crossed the Col de la République (1,161 m) south of Saint-Etienne. Following violent incidents at the Col de la République in 1904, the tours organiser Henri Desgrange decided to look elsewhere for challenges for the riders and at the same time gain publicity for the tour and distract the public from the cheating that had taken place in 1904.</p><br>
<p>Although only 17 metres higher than the Col de la République, the climb to the Ballon dAlsace was steeper and Desgrange declared that no cyclist would be able to ride over it. Despite Desgranges "over-dramatic" concerns, René Pottier crossed the summit first by riding all the way to the top and, although he was passed by Hippolyte Aucouturier before the finish at Besançon, Pottier became the leader of the tour. Unfortunately, the pace of his ascent exacerbated injuries that he had sustained in a fall on Stage 1, and Pottier was forced to withdraw from the race the next day. Following the 1905 tours successful passage over the Ballon dAlsace, Desgrange declared:the ascent of the Ballon dAlsace... was one of the most thrilling sights I have ever witnessed, and confirms my opinion that mans courage knows no limits and a highly trained athlete can aspire to remarkable performances.</p><br>
<p>Thus was the myth born that the Col dAlsace was the first mountain crossing in the history of the Tour de France, which is still maintained in the Tours official history.</p><br>
<p>The Tour returned to the Ballon dAlsace the following year and Pottier was again the first rider over the summit. He arrived at Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle in a group of 19 riders: according to LAuto: "At the foot of the climb, Pottier bolted, as if the bell had sounded the final lap of a track race. He hadn&#39;t reached the first hairpin before the group was torn apart." The other riders soon dropped away with only Augustin Ringeval able to briefly keep in contact with Pottier although even he was dropped well before the summit: Pottier and Ringeval are alone now. A brief but terrifying duel breaks out, until, making a final demand from his boundless reserves, the leader pulls away into the teeth of the gradient. Ringeval loses ground, makes it up again with a magnificent effort, then drops back again, done for!</p><br>
<p>Pottier crossed the summit alone, over four minutes ahead of the next rider and maintained his lead into the stage finish at Dijon, going on to win the whole race in Paris three weeks later.</p><br>
<p>Those of us who witnessed his interminable, solitary, high-speed ride were left wondering whether it had not all been a dream, and asking ourselves what mysterious force it is that possesses the human organism and allows it to push back the boundaries of the possible.</p><br>
<p>Pottier was found hanged at his home the following January, having committed suicide. Following his death, a monument to him was erected at the summit of the Col du Ballon d&#39;Alsace.</p><br>
<h3>Passages in the Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The Tour de France crossed over the Col du Ballon d&#39;Alsace every year between 1905 and 1914, and then five times in the 1930s. Since World War II, the crossings have been less frequent, with the most recent being in 2005 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first passage. The tour has crossed the mountain twenty times in its history.</p><br>
<p>Park Towne Place Apartment Homes is a historic apartment complex located in the Logan Square neighborhood of Philadelphia. The complex consists of four eighteen-story buildings , a one-story office area, an underground, flood-prone, parking garage, and a pool and spa complex . It was designed by Milton Schwartz in the International style, using reinforced concrete with limestone-tan brick, white marble, and bright aluminum trim and glass. it was constructed between 1957 and 1959. The apartment buildings are in the shape of rectangular cuboids.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Aimco selected Tryba Architects of Denver to renovate the historic apartments.Located in the Philadelphia Museum District, across from the Barnes Foundation and the Rodin Museum, the rejuvenated complex features contemporary artwork from prominent local and national artists both purchased and specially commissioned for the project and inclusion in the Aimco Permanent Collection.</p><br>
<p>Park Towne Place was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011, and receives a significant tax abatement as a consequence.</p><br>
<p>Aarberg Castle  is a castle in the municipality of Aarberg in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the builder of the castle is unknown, the city itself was founded between 1220 and 1225 by count Ulrich III of Neuchâtel. The count had recently acquired the rulership over this region and needed a central location from which to rule. The island and the key bridge was a natural location for a town. The castle may have been built around the time of the founding of the city.</p><br>
<p>The city was besieged in 1339, 1382 and 1386 but not taken. In 1358 the Graf (or Count) Peter von Aarberg was in financial difficulties and began looking for someone to buy the city. After years of unsuccessful attempts, in 1377-79 he was able to sell the city and his rights as ruler to Bern. The Bernese bailiff took up residence in Aarberg Castle in 1379. In 1380, the old castle roof was replaced with a new shingle roof. In 1419 and again in 1477, the town and castle of Aarberg were nearly destroyed in a fire. Both the town and castle were rebuilt following the destructive fires.</p><br>
<p>The Brick Church erected in 1736 on Well&#39;s Hill, now known as Old Blandford Church of Bristol Parish, is located in Petersburg, Virginia adjacent to Blandford Cemetery. During the American Revolution the Battle of Blandford also known as the Battle of Petersburg was fought nearby in 1781. Following the battle Major General William Phillips was ordered back to Petersburg to meet Lord Cornwallis who was moving north From Wilmington, North Carolina. While in Petersburg awaiting the arrival of Cornwallis, Phillips fell ill and died on 13 May 1781. He was secretly buried somewhere in the churchyard.</p><br>
<p>The church building was abandoned in 1806 after the construction of another Episcopal church in Petersburg when the Town of Blandford in Prince George County was absorbed by Petersburg. Necessary repairs for its preservation were made by the City of Petersburg in 1882. The church originally had clear glass compass windows but after more than 75 years of abandonment and neglect the windows and doors were long gone. As part of the restoration project, the Ladies Memorial Association solicited funds from each former Confederate state for the creation and installation of a stained glass window in memory of the Confederate soldiers from that state. Louis Comfort Tiffanys studio was commissioned to design the fifteen memorial compass windows. Each of the large windows contains the image of a Saint and symbols associated with the Saint. The four smaller windows were designed to complement the larger ones.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At their meeting on November 18, 1900, the Ladies&#39; Memorial Association decided to ask permission to make "Old Blandford Church" into a "mortuary and memorial chapel. " Fifteen windows were installed between 1904 and 1912. Most display a state seal, the figure of a saint, and an inscription. Eleven were donated by each of the former Confederate states: North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Texas, Georgia, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Two were donated by Missouri and Maryland. Kentucky, another border state, was the only state that refused to participate. In addition, there is a window of a Christian cross of jewels donated by Louis Comfort Tiffany.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Confederate state windows and representative saints</h2><br>
<p>Saint John the Evangelist- Virginia</p><br>
<p>Saint Paul- Louisiana: The Washington Artillery funded the Louisiana window. It is the only state window that doesn&#39;t include a state seal. Instead, it features the insignia of the Washington Artillery.</p><br>
<p>Saint Bartholomew- North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Saint Philip the Apostle- Tennessee</p><br>
<p>Saint James the Less- Mississippi</p><br>
<p>Saint Luke- Texas</p><br>
<p>Saint Peter- Missouri</p><br>
<p>Saint Mark- South Carolina</p><br>
<p>Saint Andrew- Alabama</p><br>
<p>Saint Thomas the Apostle- Georgia</p><br>
<p>Saint Matthew- Florida</p><br>
<p>Cerro Blanco is a hill and historical landmark in the city of Santiago, Chile. This geographic feature</p><br>
<p>rises 89 m above the surrounding terrain and covers a surface area of 28 hectare. It is bordered by Recoleta Avenue on the east, Santos Dumont Avenue on the south and La Unión Street on the north. The latter street separates the hill from the Cementerio General de Santiago. Cerro Blanco (Blanco is Spanish for white) is named so because the white habit used by the Domenicans who were owners of the land where the hill stands during the colonial period.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1840, the Iglesia de la Viñita (Church of the Small Wineyard) is located at the lower southeast flank of Cerro Blanco,</p><br>
<p>which is consecrated to Our Lady of Montserrat.</p><br>
<p>Stones extracted from a quarry on Cerro Blanco, were used in the construction of some historical buildings in Santiago, including the Santo Domingo Church.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Blanco metro station is named for the hill.</p><br>
<p>Skjoldafjorden is a fjord in Rogaland county, Norway. The 26 km long fjord is a northern branch of vast Boknafjorden which dominates Rogaland county.</p><br>
<p>The fjord is located in the municipalities of Tysvær and Vindafjord. The north end of the Skjoldafjorden at the village of Skjold connects to the Grindafjorden which flows from the village of Grinde to Skjold. The south end of the fjord empties in to a large bay called the Hervikfjorden, which flows directly into the Boknafjorden.</p><br>
<p>The island Borgøy is located at the mouth of the fjord where the Hervikfjorden begins. Further to the north, the narrow passage Skjoldastraumen has strong tide flows and is rather shallow. A lock system was built there to accommodate boat traffic. It is the only salt water lock in Norway.</p><br>
<p>Antelope Reservoir is a large body of water impounded for irrigation in a semi-arid region of southeastern Oregon in the United States. Located near the small city of Jordan Valley in Malheur County, it is about 10 mi west of Oregon&#39;s border with Idaho. Although the lake is formed by a dam across Jack Creek, most of the water enters the reservoir via the Antelope Feeder Canal. It diverts water to the reservoir from nearby Jordan Creek at a point near the Idaho border. Jack Creek, which carries minor outflows from the reservoir, empties into Jordan Creek further downstream.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was originally formed by a 42 ft high dam, built in 1913&ndash;14, on Jack Creek. At that time, the water in the reservoir came from intermittent surface streams. The dam, managed by the Jordan Valley Irrigation District, was raised to 80 ft in 1933, and in addition to the intermittent flows the higher dam impounds water from Jordan Creek. The water is used to irrigate about 12,000 acre of farmland downstream of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Bureau of Land Management, which administers much of the grazing land in the Antelope Reservoir basin, maintains a public campground and boat ramp at the lake. However, the Oregon Health Authority has issued warnings about very high levels of methylmercury contamination that makes fish caught from the lake dangerous to eat. The contamination stems from past mining activity along the headwaters of Jordan Creek, near Silver City, Idaho, where large quantities of mercury were used to separate gold and silver from other materials.</p><br>
<p>Fishing in Oregon says the lake "is a better destination for solitude than for fishing." Other activities include waterfowl watching, "gorgeous sunsets and terrific star-gazing opportunities."</p><br>
<p>The Waddell "A" Truss Bridge, also known as Linn Branch Creek Bridge, is a historic truss bridge located at Parkville, Platte County, Missouri. It was built in 1898. It was designed by engineer John Alexander Low Waddell and is the subject of a USA patent.</p><br>
<p>Waddell went on to become a distinguished engineer of many lift-type bridges (which this is not).</p><br>
<p>The Waddell "A" Truss Bridge spanned the Linn Branch Creek, in Missouri, but was removed for the construction of Smithville Lake.</p><br>
<p>The bridge served rail traffic until 1939, and then road traffic for Missouri Hwy 4 from 1953-1980. It was dismantled in 1981 and moved to its current location at English Landing Park in Parkville, MO, in 1987. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>A second Waddell "A" Truss bridge spans the Cross Bayou in Shreveport, Louisiana. Now abandoned, the bridge once carried the Kansas City Southern Railway across the bayou. It has been listed on the National Register as Kansas City Southern Railroad Bridge, Cross Bayou and is recognized as a historic site by the City of Shreveport.</p><br>
<p>The North 21st Street Bridge in Tacoma, Washington was built in 1910. It was designed by engineers Waddell & Harrington and is a continuous concrete rigid-frame girder bridge. It is significant as one of the very earliest examples of its type. It was built "almost simultaneously" with the 950 ft Asylum Avenue Aqueduct in Knoxville, Tennessee, which was documented by Carl W. Condit to be the first continuous concrete girder bridge to be built.</p><br>
<p>It has three 60 ft reinforced concrete spans with four continuous girders. Its spans are supported by reinforced concrete columns and abutments. The bridge has "massive and over-designed" slabs (9 feet deep) and beams (from 4 to 7 feet wide, from 9 to 11 feet deep. It is 48 ft wide to accommodate trolley tracks in the middle.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Desert View Tower is located on Interstate 8, near Jacumba and Ocotillo, in western Imperial County, Southern California. It is at 3,000 ft in elevation, in the In-Ko-Pah Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The stone tower was built from 1922 to 1928 as a roadside attraction by Bert Vaughn, a real estate developer who owned Jacumba. The three story tower houses a museum and has an observation deck on its upper level. The gift shop at the base of the tower is a later addition.</p><br>
<p>An ensemble of stone sculptures of animal, called Boulder Park, is adjacent to Desert View Tower. They were sculpted by M.T. Ratliffe (or Radcliff) over two years during the 1930s in the local stone. Both the tower and sculpture garden are works of folk art.</p><br>
<p>The tower and sculpture garden were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1980. As folk art, the tower and garden were included in the Twentieth Century Folk Art Environments in California Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Buller River is a river in the Mid West of Western Australia, near Geraldton.</p><br>
<p>The river is a short coastal stream of around 10 km length just to the north of Geraldton, in the Drummond Cove and Oakajee areas. The headwaters of the river are 25 km north of Geraldton. The Buller flows in a southerly direction, initially following the east side of the North West Coastal Highway to a point 4 km north of Drummond Cove, where it turns to the west, to discharge into the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Buller River was named on 7 April 1839 by the explorer George Grey while on his second disastrous expedition along the Western Australian coast, probably after Charles Buller M.P., an associate of Edward Gibbon Wakefield and Grey&#39;s friend William Hutt (brother of the 2nd Governor of Western Australia, John Hutt), and an active parliamentary proponent of the free colonization of South Australia, Western Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>Mount Billy Mitchell is a prominent 6,919 ft peak located in the Chugach Mountains, 35 mi east of Valdez and 12 mi west of the Copper River in the USA state of Alaska. This mountain forms a prominent and easily visible landmark between mile markers 43 and 51 of the Richardson Highway, as the highway passes just to its west between Tonsina and the Thompson Pass .</p><br>
<p>Mount Billy Mitchell was named for William "Billy" Mitchell (18791936),</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>In response to the Klondike Gold Rush, the United States Army established numerous military outposts throughout the District of Alaska. As a lieutenant in the United States Army Signal Corps, Mitchell was stationed in Alaska at that time. On May 26, 1900, the United States Congress appropriated $450,000 in order to establish a communications system to connect the many isolated and widely separated USA Army outposts and civilian Gold Rush camps in Alaska by telegraph. Along with Captain George C. Brunnell, Lieutenant Mitchell oversaw the construction of what became known as the Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS).</p><br>
<p>Construction of the WAMCATS system began in the summer of 1900. Stretching from Fort Liscum at Valdez in Southcentral Alaska to Fort Egbert at Eagle on the Canada–United States border to Fort St. Michael to Nome on the Seward Peninsula, construction crews completed the final overland connection south of Fairbanks on June 27, 1903. By the time WAMCATS was fully operational in 1904, the system included almost 1,400 mi of overland telegraph cable, over 2,000 mi of submarine communications cable, and a 107 mi wireless telegraphy system crossing the Norton Sound to Nome. This telegraph line was the first to link American outposts in Eagle, Valdez and Nome with each other as well as to Washington, D.C. in the contiguous United States. Among the greatest logistical and technological achievements of its day, the WAMCATS included the first successful long-distance radio operation in the world.</p><br>
<p>A historical marker is located at a roadside highway turnout just north of where the Richardson Highway crosses the Tiekel River. Placed by the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities, the text reads (see photograph):</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the Chugach Mountains is strongly influenced by its location close to Prince William Sound and especially the Gulf of Alaska. The Gulf of Alaska generates powerful winter storms which drive heavy precipitation northwards into southern and Southcentral Alaska, including the Chugach Mountains. More snow falls in the vicinity of Valdez—an average annual snowfall of 319 in—than in any other location in the United States. Over thousands of years, this snow has accumulated to form glaciers on Mount Billy Mitchell, especially on its north face, which is its leeward side. Despite this long-term glaciation and even in the face of continuing heavy snowfall (the winter of 2011-2012 saw record snowfall in this area), the rate of ablation has exceeded the rate of accumulation over the past few decades. Because of this, Mount Billy Mitchell&#39;s glaciers have retreated significantly in recent years.</p><br>
<p>The Norway Lutheran Church and Cemetery are located 10 miles south of Denbigh, North Dakota and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1994. The NRHP listing includes the main church structure, a cemetery, and two contributing privies to the west and rear of the church, all situated on a 4.4 acre site. A pyramid-shaped monument topped with an iron cross is located at the northeast corner of the cemetery and marks site of an older log church. Norwegian skier Sondre Norheim was buried in the cemetery in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1907 with sand bricks from the Denbigh Brick Plant. The church was designed in a Late Gothic Revival style with a bell tower that reaches a height of 65 feet from the foundation. It was built on a hill above the Souris River and is visible for miles.</p><br>
<p>The inclusion of the site on the NRHP was based on its historic integrity, its being "one of the best and well-maintained examples of a rural church" on the North Dakota prairie, and the use of bricks rather than wood in the construction of the church.</p><br>
<p>The Granville State Bank, also known as the Former Granville Service Agency, is a two-story commercial building on Main Street in Granville, North Dakota. The structure was built by Granville State Bank president George E. Stubbins in 1903 using sandstone and prairie granite from Kottke Valley Township to the northwest. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1977. It served as the headquarters for the state banking boards examiners and receivers until 1929. It was occupied by the Granville State Bank from 1929 until the time of the banks liquidation in 1941. An International Harvester dealership also did business in the building.</p><br>
<p>The bank had "ornate wooden fixtures" which were transferred in 1973 to a bank museum within what was the First Bank of Crosby, at Divide County Pioneer Village in Crosby, North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The Perris Depot is a railroad depot built in 1892 to serve Perris, California. The station replaced a previous wooden structure at the same site on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line, originally the California Southern Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was built by J.W. Nance, a Perris developer, and was designed by Benjamin Franklin Levet, Sr., son-in-law to Fred T. Perris. The depot served both passenger traffic and the considerable agricultural traffic associated with the farmlands of the Perris Valley. However, passenger traffic declined and ended in 1947. Agriculture declined due to limited water supplies and salinization, and farms were replaced with suburbs. All but one track in the station yard was abandoned in 1975. From 1974 the depot has been used by the Perris Valley Historical and Museum Association as a museum of local history. In the 1990s the depot was proposed as a commuter rail station.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The red brick depot is in the Queen Anne style, with a conical-roofed turret, round windows and an arched entry. The depot is a one-story structure, generally rectangular in plan, with a raised central mass at right angles to the plan with flanking wings. The central mass features an arched entry on one side and a projecting round bay with a cupola opposite. The brick gables are partly hipped, with prominent "PERRIS" signs on each. A comb-like finial decorates the ridge of the central roof mass and wings, with "SANTA FE" signs facing either platform.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>The Perris Depot is used by the Orange Empire Railway Museum as a terminus for its excursion train line. The depot was renovated in 2007-2008. The building is now home to the Perris Valley Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Perris Multimodal Transit Center was opened in 2010 adjacent to the depot, with bus and Metrolink train service. The Metrolink line extension through Perris was completed in June 2016 and stops at the adjacent Downtown Perris station. The museum continues to operate in the depot.</p><br>
<p>The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Locke Block on Fifth Street in Devils Lake, North Dakota was built in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Built as a residential building, its four-story height "would make the building a sky scraper in comparison to the other buildings in the city," per a contemporary local newspaper article. The roof drain system was innovative.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination in 1986 identified it as "the best remaining example of Chicago School commercial architecture in Devils Lake."</p><br>
<p>Danish-born builder Valdemar or Vlademar Grams name originally appeared in the date block for the building, but only Lockes name appears now. Gram was prominent in Devils Lake and built the Devils Lake Carnegie Library (also NRHP-listed),</p><br>
<p>The Devils Lake Carnegie Library is a Carnegie library located in Devils Lake, North Dakota. It was built in 1909 and designed by architect Joseph A. Shannon. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It was opened in January 21, 1910 with no ceremony, but the local newspaper afterward declared the opening to be a "great event", marking a "new era in the intellectual advancement of Devils Lake".</p><br>
<p>Danish-born builder Valdemar or Vlademar Gram built the library, the Locke Block (also NRHP-listed), and numerous other Devils Lake buildings.</p><br>
<p>After 93 years, in November 26, 2003, the library was moved from its historic location- due to deterioration and much-needed space and renovations- to a new facility down the street, located at 423 7th St N. They added more meeting rooms, handicapped-accessible entrances (one of the goals of the move), and a one-floor model for improvement to the staffing model.</p><br>
<p>This brought about questions about what to do with the historic landmark, which became lofts in 2015, bought by Paula Hasse Anderson for $1,000, wishing to keep the building from being grazed by the city. Gary Martinson, city assessor and building official for the City of Devils Lake, said at the time that Anderson has accomplished the city&#39;s goal of preserving the historic building while finding a new use for it.</p><br>
<p>From a 2015 Grand Forks Herald article: "Each of the 925-square-foot, one-bedroom lofts is fully furnished and features an open-concept kitchen and living room with original fireplace, one and a half baths and a 12-by-12-foot combined laundry and dressing room, complete with a full-size washer and dryer.</p><br>
<p>The lofts&#39; amenities include unlimited WiFi, a 50-inch smart TV with cable, high-end designer bedding, a pillow-top queen bed with storage, spa-quality towels and private parking.</p><br>
<p>In the dressing room closet, guests will even find a full-length, fluffy bathrobe.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen features custom cabinetry, a built-in microwave oven, a dishwasher, a garbage disposal, a Keurig coffee-maker, a wine center and a large island with bar-stool seating.</p><br>
<p>Granite counters top the kitchen island, wine center and bathroom vanity."</p><br>
<p>Carnegie Library changed its name to Lake Region Public Library with the move, opened on Monday, December 22, 2003. This followed a fundraiser that began in spring 1992. The new library is 9,033 square feet, all on one-level and is fully compliant with Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements. The library cost $1.1 million, with 70% raised through private donations, bequests and grants; a portion of the City sales tax proceeds provided the balance of funds. The library&#39;s collection houses over 43,800 items, and has ten Internet-accessible computers and Wi-Fi available to the public.</p><br>
<p>Jim Chattin serves as library director for the Lake Region Public Library, a position he has held for over four decades.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred E. Dickey Free Library in Jamestown, North Dakota was built in 1917. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, it is "a rare and fine example" of Prairie School architecture in North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>It seems to have been designed by Joseph A. Shannon and Henry J. Scherer.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, however, it was designed by architectural partners "J. H. Shannon" and Henry J. Scherer.</p><br>
<p>And according to a different NRHP nomination, from 1989, for the Devils Lake Commercial District, the Dickey Free Library was designed by</p><br>
<p>"John A. Shannon", late in his career. These appear to be misstatements of the name of local architect Joseph A. Shannon.</p><br>
<p>The Samalayuca Dune Fields, more traditionally known as Los Medanos , or more recently referenced as Medanos de Samalayuca are a series of large but separated fields of sand dunes located in the northern part of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. The dune fields are scattered over a wide expanse of desert to the south, southwest and southeast of Ciudad Juarez. The dune fields are located in a 2000 km area known as the Samalayuca Desert.</p><br>
<p>The Samalayuca Desert and its dune fields are part of the much larger Chihuahua Desert region.</p><br>
<p>The best known portion of the Samalayuca Dune Fields lie in and around the village of Samalayuca. These dune fields are the most noticeable because they lie across the much traveled north-south route between Chihuahua City and El Paso del Norte. This portion of the dunes is also the most dramatic, having high dune profiles shaped by the wind in the lee of Cerro de Samalayuca.</p><br>
<p>The dunes are composed of almost pure quartz (SiO). They are white or tan in appearance. They are fine and move with the wind. The wind has formed the dunes by carrying sand until it became deposited and concentrated in natural land depressions. The action of the wind continues to constantly reshape the dunes. Some of the dunes near Samalayuca are tall and dramatically shaped and marked by the wind.</p><br>
<p>For centuries the sands of these dune fields were historically significant because they lay across the much traveled north-south route between Chihuahua City and "The Pass of the North" at the site of the border cities of Ciudad Juárez and El Paso. Before the era of the modern highway and the railroad, travel by foot, horse or oxen across this extended barrier of some 30 kilometers of loose sand was laborious and dangerous, but travelers had the option of a longer (and thus more time consuming) detour around the east side of the dune fields.</p><br>
<p>Today the dune fields are becoming known for their tourist and recreational potential, and as a habitat for the many unique endemic species of plants and animals living in a rare ecosystem in the Samalayuca desert. The high silica content of the sands has also attracted industrial interest.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<h3>Historical name</h3><br>
<p>The sand dune area has traditionally been referred to as "Los Medanos" or simply, the dunes. The name Samalayuca Dune Fields is of more recent origin. The name "Los Medanos" is more commonly used Recently and increasingly the dune fields are referred by Spanish and non Spanish speakers as Medanos de Samalayuca.</p><br>
<h3>Name origin</h3><br>
<p>The field and the desert gets its name from the town of Samalayuca, Chihuahua. There are historic springs in the area, which accounts for the location of the town. The town is adjacent to the dramatic high dunes that lies some 52 km directly south of Ciudad Juárez just east of Mexico Federal Highway 45. These high dunes are formed by the prevailing winds from the northwest dropping sands in the lee of Cerro de Samalayuca (Samalayuca Mountain), which lies close to Samalayuca village.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The most dramatic portion of the Samalayuca dune fields lie east and west of Mexican Federal Highway 45 and the parallel Mexican Railway in an area 30 to 60 miles south of Juarez. This major north south highway and railroad, between Ciudad Juarez and the city of Chihuahua crosses through this dune area, and low dunes are visible for many kilometers on each side of the highway.</p><br>
<p>The dramatic high dunes that exist close to the village of Samalayuca may be seen in the distance from Federal Highway 45. These dune fields are formed by the prevailing wind from the northwest dropping sand particles in the lee of the Sierra Salamayuca (Salamayuca Mountains).</p><br>
<p>Besides the high dunes appearing in the area of the village of Salamayuca, the dune fields lie in several other areas of the Samalayuca desert to the southwest and southeast of Ciudad Juarez. A lesser known part of the Salamayuca dune field extends to the west from Samalayuca into the area southwest from Ciudad Juárez. This area (lying west of Mexico Federal Highway 45) is larger than the more dramatic high dune area near Samalayuca, and comprise the bulk of the Samalayuca desert area. These dune fields extend to the north where they lie across the (now abandoned) right of way of the defunct Mexico North Western Railway (Compañía del Ferrocarril Nor-Oeste de México) and extend into the Chihuahua municipality of Ascension. Smaller dune fields also extends to the east from the town of Salamayuca, into the municipality of Guadalupe.</p><br>
<h2>Chihuahua Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Samalayuca Dune fields lie directly across the main route of the Chihuahua Trail, part of the longer route known as El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, or the royal road of the interior. The portion of this route known as the Chihuahua Trail went north from Chihuahua City to Sante Fe, in New Mexico. From the time the Spanish colonial city of Sante Fe was founded in 1598 by the Spanish explorer Juan de Oñate there was steady and increasing freight and passenger traffic on this route.</p><br>
<p>The only major river on the trail was the Rio Grande. The trail crossed the river via a ford near the famous pass between the Juarez and Franklin mountain ranges. This ford and pass came to be known simply as "the Pass" (El Paso) or "The Pass of the North" (El Paso del Norte), and a town by the same name was first established south of the river, at the site of present day Ciudad Juarez. A separate community also known as El Paso del Norte, was later established on the north side of the river in 1849 after the Mexican-USA War on United States Territory. The original Mexican community of El Paso del Norte south of the river changed its name to Ciudad Juarez in 1865.</p><br>
<p>However, in the segment of the Chihuahua trail from Chihuahua City and El Paso del Norte, where the trail reached a point some 45 miles south of the Pass of the North, the trail encountered a 15-mile stretch of the Samalayuca dune fields. The wind shifted and renewed the deep and finely gained deep sand beds in these dunes. The soft shifting sands made walking through the dune fields tiring and time consuming for animals or people. Horses, oxen, mules and people could cross this sandy area only with great difficulty. The traditional two wheeled carts (carreteras) could become bogged down in the sands.</p><br>
<h3>Juan de Oñate and alternative routes</h3><br>
<p>In 1598, Juan de Oñate, a wealthy Zacatecas nobleman set out northward from the Valle de San Bartolomé to establish a new northern colony, a "New" Mexico. He pioneered the Chihuahua Trail route. When he reached Los Medanos (the dunes) he attempted to cross but found the difficulty so great that he detoured to the east to go around the area of sand dunes, before trending north again to the area where he founded San Juan, the first capitol of New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Oñates detour set a precedent and thereafter an alternative trail led around the sand dunes near Salamaluca. South of the dunes the Chihuahua trail forked at Laguna de Patos (Duck Lake). The detour branched off south of the dunes at Lagunas de Patos and veered northeast for roughly 60 miles, across the southeastern margin of the dune fields till it reached the south bank of the Rio Grande del Norte. This branch then turned and followed the Rio Grandes south bank upstream in a northwest direction about 60 miles to The Pass of the North (El Passo Del Norte), where the two branches of the trail were again joined. After El Paso, the trail proceeded through the pass and on to Santa Fe.</p><br>
<p>At Laguna de Patos, the main branch of the Chihuahua Trail proceeded due north crossing the dune fields to reach El Paso del Norte in about 65 miles. In this distance the trail crossed through the sandy dunes for a distance of 12 to 15 miles, emerging from the sand to cross about 30 miles of desert brush lands to finally reach El Paso del Norte.</p><br>
<p>The detour around the dune fields added some fifty or sixty miles to the direct route through the dune fields. To a horseman traveling at 20 miles a day, this could mean a delay of three days. To a merchant caravan moving at twelve miles a day between Ciudad de Chihuahua and El Paso del North, this could mean a delay in transit of five or more days.</p><br>
<h3>Scarcity of water</h3><br>
<p>When traveling the route that led through the sand dunes near the village of Samalayuca water was critical. The only reliable water sources lay miles to the north and south of the sand dunes near Samalayuca. Water supplies near the dunes were very scarce. To be significantly delayed in the Salamayuca Sand Dunes in a dry year with limited water supplies could be fatal to animals or to man.</p><br>
<p>There were springs that flowed near the present settlement of Samalayuca on the northern edge of this stretch of sand. As stated below these springs were not reliable sources of water for two reasons.</p><br>
<p>These springs near Salamalayuca could be too saline for consumption. Recent surveys confirm that three springs exist in the area of Samalayuca, but the saline content renders two of them unfit for drinking. Water for those currently living in Samalayuca comes from hand dug shallow wells.</p><br>
<p>Travelers in the 1840s reported that the Ojo de Samalayuca (Samalayuca Springs) were seasonal. In the dry season of a dry year, these springs would cease to flow, which would leave no water source on the trail between the areas of El Paso del Norte in the north and the village of Carrizal in the south.</p><br>
<h3>Experiences of travelers in the 1800s</h3><br>
<p>In order to avoid the delay of traveling around the dune fields on the detour, many travelers on the trail between Chihuahua and El Paso del Norte elected to go directly across the dune fields.</p><br>
<p>From the 1600s though the 1800s merchants, explorers, soldiers and the random tourist traveling on the Chihuahua trail found passage through the Samalayuca dunes difficult and dangerous. Throughout this period of three centuries the Apache Indians carried on their off and on guerrilla war with the encroaching Spanish, operating out of the Sierra Madre mountains to the west. They sporadically attacked and sometimes laid waste to hacienda/ranches and small settlements in the area. As part of this conflict the Apaches kept watch over the trail across the dunes, as well as the water holes in and around the dunes fields, in order to rob and kill vulnerable groups of travelers.</p><br>
<p>Even as late as 1882 travelers were "warned to avoid this point of all others while traveling through Chihuahua", and to take the alternative route around the dunes area, though some 60 miles longer, because "This place is attended by great danger from the attacks of the Apaches, who well know the helpless condition of animals passing and take the opportunity to attack parties."</p><br>
<p>While animals and persons found footing and traction to be difficult in the loose sands of the dunes, what was most dreaded was the difficulty of hauling loaded wagons or carts through the sand. These vehicles could bog down to their hubs. Some merchants going south from El Paso started out with carts loaded with goods, but would hire a mule train to accompany them. On arrival at the dunes, the goods from the carts would be loaded on the mule train and the emptied carts would then be pulled over the dunes. On the south side of the dunes the carts would be reloaded and proceed.</p><br>
<p>In 1842 a George W. Kendall made a diary as he traveled through the dunes. He was one of a group of political prisoners, who were marched down the Chihuahua trail, guarded by units of the Mexican army. He observed high "mountains" of loose sand along the trail. He noted that horses would sink in sand to their fetlocks, and walking in the sand exhausted men and animals. The two-wheeled "carreteras" would bog down in the sand and to pull them through this area required doubling the teams. Kendall also noted a large stone, weighing some 200 pounds directly in the path through the dune fields. Over many years passing gangs of muleteers had superstitiously adopted the custom of lifting the stone and moving it farther along, each gang moving it a few feet at a time towards Mexico City. Their recurrent activity, continuing over many decades were reported to have moved the stone some 14 miles.</p><br>
<p>In 1846 an English soldier of fortune reported the track through the dunes littered with skeletons and dead bodies of oxen, mules and horses. He reported the sand to be knee deep, and constantly shifting. The dunes caused death to animals and humans. "On one ridge the upper half of a human skeleton protruded from the sand".</p><br>
<p>Traveling by night avoided the punishing desert heat during the summer months, and in 1846 a German scientist Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus described such a night passage through the dunes. Flashes of lightning illuminated ghostly images of slow moving wagons, riders on horseback wrapped in blankets, and travelers on foot walking or sleeping beside the track. Quiet prevailed except for the cries of muleteers and the thunder, The winding passage of the procession through the dunes was marked with multiple pinpoints of light from "cigarritos".</p><br>
<p>During the Mexican War, Colonel Alexander William Doniphan led a force of about 1000 American soldiers south from El Paso. They had engaged to guard a merchant caravan of about 315 heavy wagons going to Chihuahua City. They elected to go through the Salamayuca Sands, rather than take the detour. After entering the dune fields, the mules pulling the heavy wagon train sank to their knees in the sand, and the wheels of the wagons buried to the hubs. With the merchant&#39;s wagons bogged down, men and animals began to suffer serious debility from lack of water. The column had to abandon thousands of pounds of supplies in order to free the wagons from the sands, and men and animals had to join together to push and pull the wagons forward out of the dune area. Once past the dunes, Colonel Doniphan went on south, and still accompanied by the wagon train he defeated a Mexican force at the Battle of the Sacramento River, thereafter capturing Chihuahua City.</p><br>
<h3>The Dunes today</h3><br>
<p>Today, the original trail (except for the branch which skirted the Samalayuca sand dunes) from Chihuahua, Mexico to El Paso, Texas lies beneath or beside Mexico’s Federal Highway 45. Paralleling the highway is a railroad, now used only to haul freight.</p><br>
<p>A traveler on Highway 45 passes over the sandy areas without difficulty.</p><br>
<h2>Composition and creation of the dune fields</h2><br>
<p>The white to tan sands of the dune fields are almost pure silica. On average, the sand contains 90-95% quartz and 5-10% mixed rock grains.</p><br>
<p>The particle shapes are nodular and spheroid. they were formed by airflow erosion of rocks that created small fragments that were then carried away by the wind, to be deposited in natural land depressions. Another factor assisting in the formation of the dunes is the abrupt changes of temperature that exist in the desert, which assisted in the breaking up of surface rock into sand grains.</p><br>
<h2>Endemic species</h2><br>
<p>In large dune systems, many species of plants and animals evolve and adapt to the harsh environment, and thus become unique and endemic. The Samalayuca dunes are no exception. They provide the habitat for 248 vegetal and 154 animal species, most of them endemic. Most of the known endemic species in the Samalayuca Dunes are plants and various native bee species.</p><br>
<h2>Industrial interest in the dune fields</h2><br>
<p>The several million tons of sand in the Salamayuca dunes can be considered as an enormous potential of silica sand since they are 90 to 95 pure silica (SiO2). Silica sand is widely used in what is called "the transforamation industry", for the making of glass, silicates, paints, glass-ceramics and ceramics. The sand of the Salamayuca dunes has attracted attention from the ceramic/glass industry but the desert sand contains sufficient impurities to pose problems with its use in industry, and a process to increase uniform purity to 97.5% SiO2 would have to be developed. Because the sands start with such a high percentage of silica, such a process is deemed feasible.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism interest in the dune fields near Samalayuca</h2><br>
<p>The dramatic appearance of the dunes near Samalayuca, visible from Highway 45, has generated tourism interest in the dunes. This includes adventure tourism. Tourists hike in the dunes, ride over them in various vehicles, and slide down the dunes on sand boards.</p><br>
<h2>Government protection</h2><br>
<p>On June 5 of 2009, the Mexican federal government created a protected area of 63,182 hectares (631.82 km, or 156,126.12 acres) in Samalayuca dune fields.</p><br>
<h2>Movie setting</h2><br>
<p>The dunes were used to film many of the exterior shots in the 1984 movie Dune. The Samalayuca Dunes were also used as a location for "Conan The Destroyer"</p><br>
<p>Harris Station Dam is a hydroelectric dam in Northeast Somerset, Somerset County, Maine. Also known as the Indian Pond Project, the dam was built from 1952 to 1954 as the largest hydroelectric dam in the state of Maine. It impounds the Kennebec River at the southern end of the natural Indian Pond, about 12 miles downstream from Moosehead Lake.</p><br>
<p>The concrete gravity structure is 175 feet high and was named for Ford Harris, the chief engineer of original builders Central Maine Power. The dam creates about 86 megawatts of hydroelectric power. It is owned and operated by Brookfield Renewable.</p><br>
<p>The Kennebec River valley is flooded upstream of the dam northeasterly through Indian Stream township into Sapling township. Tributaries Bog Brook, Gold Brook, Falls Brook, Coburn Brook, and Brandy Brook enter the west side of the reservoir. East side tributaries are Burnham Brook draining Burnham Pond, and Indian Stream draining Little Indian Bog, Big Indian Pond, Trout Pond, and Moore Bog. The reservoir has good cold water habitat for brook trout, lake trout, and land-locked Atlantic salmon.</p><br>
<p>The Patcham Pylon is a monumental gateway erected in 1928 near Patcham in East Sussex, England. Designed by local architect John Leopold Denman and paid for by public subscription, it commemorated the extension of the County Borough of Brighton on 1 April 1928, and stood close to the new northern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The gateway consists of two stone towers known locally as "the Pylons", with built-in seats around their bases. They still stand and are clearly visible to travellers on either carriageway of the A23 road to London. They straddle the southbound carriageway of the A23 just outside the city of Brighton and Hove and are individually listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>History and symbolic role</h2><br>
<p>The Pylon was built as a symbolic gateway to Brighton and was intended to extend a welcome to travellers approaching from the north along the A23. They were commissioned by Sir Herbert Carden, a local councillor, and were unveiled on 30 May 1928. He paid £2,255 towards them, and the public raised a further £993. They stand either side of what was, at the time of construction, a single carriageway road. Because the road is now a dual carriageway, one pylon now "stands forlornly in the central reservation, although a third is planned".</p><br>
<p>In the spirit of welcome, the north face of the western tower bears the inscription:</p><br>
<p>HAIL GUEST• WE ASK NOT WHAT THOU ART.</p><br>
<p>IF FRIEND. WE GREET THEE. HAND & HEART:</p><br>
<p>IF STRANGER. SUCH NO LONGER BE:</p><br>
<p>IF FOE. OUR LOVE SHALL CONQUER THEE.</p><br>
<p>The pylons and seats were listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 26 August 1999. Such buildings are considered to be "of special interest warranting every effort to preserve them", and "nationally important" buildings of "special interest". As of February 2001, they were among 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The pylons are of limestone with slightly concave north and south faces. Small buttresses protrude at the corners. Carvings and inscriptions include the coat of arms of the Duke and Duchess of York, who laid the foundation stone, the emblems of Brighton and Sussex, a female figure and a galleon. Details of the date, architect, builders, founders and other descriptive information, and a short poem, are also carved on the flat panels which are mounted on the concave faces. Next to each pylon is a seat, also made of stone and wrapping around but not touching the base. They are about 3+1/2 ft off the ground, supported on small columns, and have decorative moulding. They are separately listed at Grade II.</p><br>
